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A  Year  Book 

of 

The  Church  and  Social  Service 
In  the  United  States 


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Oi-  hiini 


APR  18  1916 


BV    4403 

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1916 

Federal 

Council   of 

the 

Churches   of   Christ 

in 

A  year   book 

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A  YEAR  BOOK  OF  THE  CHURCH 

AND    SOCIAL    SERVICE    IN 

THE  UNITED  STATES 


A'^YEAR   BOOK      I  ^«  1916 


OF 


The  Church  and  Social  Service 
In  the  United  States 


PREPARED  FOR 

THE  COMMISSION  ON  THE  CHURCH  AND  SOCIAL 

SERVICE  OF  THE  FEDERAL  COUNCIL  OF  THE 

CHURCHES  OF  CHRIST  IN  AMERICA 


BY 

HARRY  F,  WARD 

ASSOCIATE  SECRETARY   OF    THE    FEDERAL  COUNCIL    COMMISSION    AND 
SECRETARY  OF  THE  METHODIST  FEDERATION  FOR  SOCIAL  SERVICE 


MISSIONARY    EDUCATION     MOVEMENT 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA 

NEW   YORK 

I  9  I  6 


Copyright,  1916,   by 
THE  COMMISSION    ON    THE    CHURCH    AND   SOCIAL    SERVICE 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE 

This  Year  Book  is  an  attempt  to  bring  together,  from 
various  sources,  information  which  may  be  needed  by  reli- 
gious and  social  workers  concerning  the  social  service  move- 
ment in  the  churches. 

Those  who  can  furnish  corrections  and  additional  informa- 
tion are  earnestly  requested  to  send  them  to  the  office  of  the 
Federal  Council  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social 
Service,  105  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City. 

Harry  F.  Ward 

January  i,  19 16. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Directory  of  Church  Social  Service  Organizations 9 

Chapter  I.   The     Social     Service     Movement     in     the 

Churches ^3 

A  brief  summary  of  the  origins  and  development  of  the 
Social  Service  Movement  in  the  Churches: — In  the  religion 
of  Israel — In  the  life  and  teachings  of  Jesus — In  prim- 
itive  Christianity — In  the  Reformation — In  National  Move-  v' 

ments — In  the  Evangelical  Revival — In  the  Modern 
Missionary  Awakening — In  the  Present  Federation  of  the 
Churches. 

Chapter  II.   Church  Social  Service  Organizations 24 

An  account  of  the  Church  Social  Service  Agencies, 
their  work  and  plans: — With  Secretaries: — Federal  Council 
Commission— Baptist— Congregational — Methodist  Episcopal 
— Presbyterian — Protestant  Episcopal.  Other  Denomina- 
tions in  the  Federal  Council  with  and  without  organized 
agencies — Social  Service  through  Interchurch  Organizations: 
— Local  Forms  of  Federation — The  Country  Church  Move- 
ment— Missionary  Education  Movement — Young  Men's 
Christian  Association — Young  Women's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation— International  Peace  and  Arbitration — Home  and 
Foreign  Missions — Other  Religious  Bodies — Movements  in 
England. 

Chapter  III.  Publications  and  Bibliography loi 

Lists  of  the  printed  matter  of  the  various  church  social 
service  agencies: — Federal  Council  Commissions — Baptist — 
Congregational — Methodist  Episcopal — Presbyterian — Prot- 
estant Episcopal — Other  Church  Bodies — Missionary  Edu- 
cation Movement — Yoimg  Men's  Christian  Association — 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association — Recent  Reading  and 

7 


8  Table  of  Contents 

PAGE 

Study  Books — Significant  Books  of  1914-15: — General — 
Social  Christianity — The  Socialized  Church — Community 
Welfare — Industrial — Socialism  —  Poverty — Peace — Rural — 
Human  Interest — Adapted  for  Study  Classes. 

Chapter  IV.   Methods  and  Programs 131 

A  summary  of  the  Methods  and  Programs  suggested 
by  the  various  agencies  for  churches  and  groups  of 
churches: — Organizing  the  Local  Church  for  Community 
Ministry — Community  Study — Educational  Activities — Sug- 
gested Programs : — in  the  city — in  the  town — in  the  village — 
in  the  country — Selecting  a  Minimum — Cooperative  Effort 
— Denominational  District  Bodies. 

Chapter  V.   Cooperating  Agencies 184 

A  directory  of  those  general  organizations  most  liable 
to  be  needed  by  church  workers  for  information  and  as- 
sistance in  the  following  fields: — Recreation  and  Social 
Centers — Child  Welfare — Boys'  and  Girls'  Work — Organ- 
ized Charity — Health — Social  Hygiene — Immigration — The 
Prisoner — Colored  Race — Labor  Legislation  and  Labor — 
Women  in  Industry — Housing — Civics — Surveys  and  Ex- 
hibits— Other  general  bodies. 

Chapter  VI.   The  Voice  of  the  Churches 197 

The  utterances  of  various  church  bodies  on  the  following 
Topics: — The  Social  Creed — Industrial  and  Social  Condi- 
tions— Social  Justice — Civic  Action — Capital — Labor — In- 
dustrial Democracy — Class  Struggle — Social  Movements — 
Wealth  and  Property — Unearned  Increment  in  Land  Values 
— Social  Redemption — Peace. 

Biographical  Sketches  of  the  Associated  Secretaries.  . . .  246 

Index 249 


DIRECTORY   OF   CHURCH   SOCIAL   SERVICE   ORGAN- 
IZATIONS 

I.     Connected  with  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches 
OF  Christ  in  America 

A.  With  Executive  or  Field  Secretaries 

Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  representing 
constituent  bodies  of  the  FEDERAL  COUNCIL;  Rev. 
Charles  S.  Macfarland,  Secretary,  612  United  Charities  Build- 
ing, 105  East  22nd  Street,  New  York  City. 

Baptist — Department  of  Social  Service  and  Brotherhood, 
Rev.  Samuel  Z.  Batten,  Secretary,  1701  Chestnut  Street, 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Congregational — Social  Service  Commission,  Rev.  Henry 
A.  Atkinson,  Executive  Secretary,  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston, 
Mass. 

Methodist  Episcopal — Federation  for  Social  Service,  Rev. 
Harry  F.  Ward,  Secretary,  72  Mount  Vernon  Street,  Boston, 
Mass. 

Presbyterian — Department  of  Social  Service  and  Immigra- 
tion, J.  E.  McAfee,  Secretary,  156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York 
City;  Country  Church  Work,  Warren  H.  Wilson,  Secretary, 
156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

Protestant  Episcopal — Joint  Commission  on  Social  Service, 
Rev.  Frank  M.  Crouch,  Executive  Secretary,  The  Church 
Missions  House,  281  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

B.  Organized  Agencies  zvithout  Field  Secretaries 

Christian — Commission  on  Social  Service  of  the  American 
Christian  Convention,  Rev,  O.  W.  Powers,  Secretary,  Dayton, 
Ohio. 

Disciples  of  Christ — Commission  on  Social  Service  and 
the  Country  Church,  Prof.  Alva  W.  Taylor,  Secretary,  Bible 
College,  Columbia,  Mo. 

Friends — Social  Service  Commission,  Prof.  Rufus  M.  Jones, 
Chairman,  Haverford  College,  Haverford,  Pa. 

9 


10     Directory  of  Social  Service  Organizations 

German  Evangelical — General  Synod,  Commission  on  Social 
Service,  Rev.  J.  Stilli,  633  East  Market  Street,  Louisville,  Ky. 

Lutheran,  Evangelical — General  Synod,  The  Inner  Mission, 
F.  H.  Knubel,  President,  48  Hamilton  Terrace,  New  York 
City. 

Methodist  Episcopal,  South — Rev.  John  M.  Moore,  810 
Broadway,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

Reformed,  in  U.  S. — Rev.  Charles  E.  Schaeffer,  15th  and 
Race  Streets,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

United  Presbyterian — Committee  on  Social  and  Industrial 
Conditions.  Rev.  H.  H.  Marlin,  Secretary,  5151  Penn  Avenue, 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

C.     No  Organized  Agencies,  but  for  information  the  following 
Correspondents  may  be  addressed 

Baptist,  Free — Prof.  Alfred  W.  Anthony,  Lewiston,  Maine. 

Baptist,  National  Convention — Prof.  R.  B.  Hudson,  Selma, 
Alabama. 

Baptist,  Seventh  Day — Pres.  Boothe  C.  Davis,  Alfred 
University,  Alfred,  N.  Y. 

Evangelical  Association— Bishop  S.  C.  Breyfogel,  836 
Center  Avenue,  Reading,  Pa. 

Methodist  Episcopal,  African — Bishop  Cornelius  Shaffer, 
3742  Forest  Avenue,  Chicago,  111. 

Methodist  Episcopal  Zion,  African — Bishop  Alexander 
Walters,  208  W.  134th  Street,  New  York  City. 

Methodist  Episcopal,  in  America,  Colored — Rev.  N.  C. 
Cleaves,  Columbia,  S.  C. 

Methodist  Protestant— Pres.  H.  L.  Elderdice,  Westminster 
Theological  Seminary,  Westminster,  Md. 

Mennonite— Rev.  S.  K.  Mosiman,  Bluffton,  Ohio. 

Moravian— Rev.  Edward  S.  Wolle,  601  N.  i8th  Street, 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Presbyterian,  in  the  U.  S.  (Southern)— Prof.  James  R. 
Howerton,  Lexington,  Va. 

Reformed,  in  America— William  T.  Demarest,  25  East  22nd 
Street,  New  York  City. 

Reformed  Episcopal— Rt.  Rev.  Samuel  Fallows,  2344  Monroe 
Street,  Chicago,  III 


Directory  of  Social  Service  Organizations      11 

Reformed  Presbyterian— General  Synod,  Rev.  J.  L.  Chest- 
nut, Cedarville,  Ohio. 

United  Brethren— Rev.  C.  Whitney,  United  Brethren 
Building,  Dayton,  Ohio. 

United  Evangelical— Rev.  J.  W.  Messinger,  Williamsport, 
Pa. 

Welsh  Presbyterian— Rev.  Robert  E.  Roberts,  223  Twin 
Street,  Rome,  N.  Y. 


II.      Not    Connected    with    the    Federal    Council    of    the 
Churches  of  Christ  in  America 

Unitarian — Department  of  Social  Service  and  Public  Ser- 
vice, American  Unitarian  Association,  Rev.  Elmer  S.  Forbes, 
Secretary,  25  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

Universalist — Social  Service  Committee  of  the  Universalist 
Church,  Rev.  Clarence  R.  Skinner,  Secretary,  Universalist 
Publishing  House,  359  Boylston  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

Roman  Catholic — Social  Service  Commission  of  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Catholic  Societies,  Rev.  Peter  E.  Dietz, 
Secretary,  American  Academy  of  Christian  Democracy,  Hot 
Springs,  N.  C. 

Jewish — Central  Conference  of  American  Rabbis,  Rabbi 
Solomon  Foster,  Committee  on  Synagogue  and  Industrial 
Relations,  90  Treacy  Avenue,  Newark,  N.  J. 

HI.     Social  Service  Organizations  in  Canada  and  England 
Canada : 

Social  Service  Council  of  Canada — Joint  Secretaries,  Rev. 
J.  G.  Shearer,  Confederation  Life  Building,  Toronto,  Ont., 
and  Rev.  T.  Albert  Moore,  Wesley  Buildings,  Toronto,  Ont. 

Baptist — Department  of  Social  Service,  no  General  Secre- 
tary at  present  time. 

Church  of  England — Committee  on  Moral  and  Social  Re- 
form, Secretary,  Rev.  R.  L.  Bridges,  St.  James  Parish  House, 
Toronto,  Ont. 

Methodist — Department  of  Social  Service  and  Evangelism, 
General  Secretary,  Rev.  T.  Albert  Moore,  Wesley  Buildings, 
Toronto,  Ont. 


12     Directoiy  of  Social  Service  Organi:zations 

Presbyterian — Board  of  Social  Service  and  Evangelism, 
General  Secretary,  Rev.  J.  G.  Shearer,  Confederation  Life 
Building,  Toronto,  Ont. 

England: 

Interdenominational  Conference  of  Social  Service 
Unions — Miss  Lucy  Gardner,  92  St.  George's  Square,  London, 
S.  W. 

Baptist  Union — Social  Service  Section,  Edward  E.  Hayward, 
Hon.  Secretary,  Baptist  Church  House,  Southampton  Row, 
London,  W.  C. 

Catholic  Social  Guild — Mrs.  V.  M.  Crawford,  Secretary, 
105  Marylebone  Road,  London. 

Christian  Social  Union — L.  V.  Lester-Garland,  26  Nor- 
folk Square,  London,  W. 

Congregational  Union  Social  Service  Committee — Rev. 
William  Reason,  Secretary,  Memorial  Hall,  Farringdon  Street, 
London,  E.  C. 

Friends  Social  Union — J.  St.  G.  Heath,  Secretary,  Wood- 
brooke  Settlement,  Selly  Oak,  Birmingham. 

National  Conference  Union  for  Social  Service — Rev.  H. 
H.  Johnson,  The  Orchardcroft  Road,  Evesham,  England. 

Presbyterian  Social  Service  Union — Rev.  J.  A.  Wilson, 
Secretary,  21  Rowlandson  Terrace,  Sunderland. 

Primitive  Methodist  Union  for  Social  Service — Rev.  E.  B. 
Storr,  Secretary,  49  Oakwood  Road,  Blackhill,  Co.  Durham. 

United  AIethodist  Church  Social  Service  Union — Rev. 
W.  G.  Peck,  Secretary,  18  Wellington  Street,  Blackburn. 

Wesleyan  Methodist  Union  for  Social  Service— Rev. 
Henry  Carter,  Central  Buildings,  Westminster,  S.  W.,  and 
W.  H.  Armstrong. 


A  Year  Book   of  the   Church  and 
Social  Service  in  the  United  States 


THE  SOCIAL  SERVICE  MOVEMENT 
IN  THE  CHURCHES! 


T 


HE  roots  of  the  present  social  service  movement  in  the 
-  churches  run  down  into  the  religion  of  Israel.  The 
mfluence  of  the  Old  Testament  has  been  one  of  the  great 
permanent  forces  making  for  democracy  and  social  justice. 

SOCIAL    INFLUENCE    OF   THE    PROPHETS 

The  prophets  are  the  beating  heart  of  the  Old  Testament. 
Modern  study  has  shown  that  they  were  the  real  makers 
of  the  unique  religious  life  of  Israel.  The  constructive 
sociology  of  the  Bible  is  to  be  found  largely  in  the  Hebrew 
Law,  which  aimed  to  prevent  the  enslavement  of  the 
Hebrew  people,  both  legal  and  economic,  by  securing 
economic  independence  for  the  family.  Its  underlying  con- 
ception is  that  of  the  nation  as  one  great  family.  Its 
fundamental  idea  is  Brotherhood.  The  prophets  were  the 
moving  spirits  in  the  working  of  this  idea  into  the  national 
life.  They  presented  religion  in  ethical  and  therefore  in 
social    terms.      They    were    ahnost    indifferent    to    its    cere- 

^The  material  for  this  chapter  has  been  largely  taken,  by 
permission,  from  the  two  books  of  Prof.  Walter  Rauschen- 
busch:  Christianity  and  the  Social  Crisis,  and  Christianising  the 
Social  Order  (Macmillan).  Quotation  marks,  without  reference, 
indicate  matter  taken  unchanged  from  these  sources. 

13 


14    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

monial  side,  but  turned  with  passionate  enthusiasm  to  moral 
righteousness  as  its  true  domain.  Their  religious  concern 
was  not  restricted  to  private  religion  and  morality,  but 
dealt  prominently  with  the  social  and  political  life  of  their 
nation.  Their  sympathy  was  wholly  and  passionately  with 
the  poor  and  the  oppressed,  of  whom  they  were  the  out- 
spoken champions.  They  proclaimed  a  primitive  democracy 
based  upon  an  approximately  equal  distribution  of  the 
land.  They  cherished  a  large  ideal  of  the  ultimate  per- 
fection of  their  people.  They  looked  for  the  Day  of 
Jehovah;  it  was  to  them  what  the  social  revolution  is  to 
modern  radicals,  but  it  was  expressed  in  terms  of  moral 
justice  rather  than  in  economic  prosperity.  It  was  to  come 
by  divine  help  and  not  by  mere  social  evolution.  They 
rose  above  the  kindred  prophets  of  other  nations  through 
their  moral  interest  in  national  affairs,  and  their  spiritual 
progress  and  education  were  intimately  connected  with  their 
open-eyed  comprehension  of  the  larger  questions  of  con- 
temporary history.  When  the  nation  lost  its  political  self- 
government  and  training,  apocalyptic  dreams  and  bookish 
calculations,  together  with  a  narrow  religious  individualism, 
took  the  place  of  the  sane  political  program  and  the  wise 
historical  insight  of  the  great  prophets,  and  Judaism  became 
a  decadent  system. 

SOCIAL    MESSAGE    OF    JESUS 

The  social  program  and  the  social  hopes  of  the  prophets 
were  fulfilled  in  Jesus.  His  ministry  was  largely  con- 
cerned with  human  needs.  His  central  teaching  of  the 
kingdom  of  God  is  a  collective  conception  involving  the 
whole  social  life  of  man.  He  desires  to  replace  a  society 
resting  on  coercion,  exploitation,  and  inequality  with  one 
resting  on  love,  service,  and  equality.  Like  the  prophets, 
he  is  indifferent  to  ritual  and  sternly  insistent  on  conduct 
as  a  test  of  religion.  It  is  not  simply  that  his  social  teach- 
ings are  significant,  but  that  his  whole  teaching,  like  his  life, 
is  social.  Behind  the  social  hope  of  the  prophets  he  puts 
the  power  of  the  categorical  imperative.  He  instils  it 
with  the  dynamic  of  the  law  of  brotherhood  as  the  revela- 


Social  Service  Movement  in  Churches      15 

tion  and  expression  of  the  divine.  His  was  a  revolutionary 
consciousness.  His  attack  on  the  leaders  and  authorities  of 
his  day  v^^as  of  revolutionary  boldness  and  thoroughness. 

"Jesus  was  not  a  mere  social  reformer.  Religion  was 
the  heart  of  his  life,  and  all  that  he  said  on  social  rela- 
tions was  said  from  the  religious  point  of  view.  He  has 
been  called  the  first  socialist.  He  was  more;  he  was  the 
first  real  man,  the  inaugurator  of  a  new  humanity.  But 
as  such  he  bore  within  him  the  germs  of  a  new  social 
and  political  order.  He  was  too  great  to  be  the  Savior 
of  a  fractional  part  of  human  life.  His  redemption  extends 
to  all  human  needs  and  powers  and  relations.  Theologians 
have  felt  no  hesitation  in  founding  a  system  of  speculative 
thought  on  the  teachings  of  Jesus,  and  yet  Jesus  was  never 
an  inhabitant  of  the  realm  of  speculative  thought.  He 
has  been  made  the  founder  and  organizer  of  a  great  ecclesi- 
astical machine,  which  derives  authority  for  its  offices  and 
institutions  from  him,  and  yet  'hardly  any  problem  of  exegesis 
is  more  difficult  than  to  discover  in  the  Gospels  an  adminis- 
trative or  organizing  or  ecclesiastical  Christ.'  i  " 

"There  is  at  least  as  much  justification  in  invoking  his 
name  to-day  as  the  champion  of  a  great  movement  for  a 
more  righteous  social  life.  He  was  neither  a  theologian, 
nor  an  ecclesiastic,  nor  a  socialist.  But  if  we  were  forced 
to  classify  him  either  with  the  great  theologians  who 
elaborated  the  fine  distinctions  of  scholasticism;  or  with 
the  mighty  popes  and  princes  of  the  church  who  built  up 
their  power  in  his  name;  or  with  the  men  who  are  giving 
their  heart  and  life  to  the  propaganda  of  a  new  social 
system — where  should  we  place  him  ?" 

THE    EARLY    CHURCH 

Primitive  Christianity,  while  under  the  fresh  impulse  of 
Jesus,  was  filled  with  social  forces.  In  its  later  history 
the  reconstructive  capacities  of  Christianity  were  paralyzed 
by  alien  influences  which  penetrated  from  without  and 
clogged    the    revolutionary    moral    power    inherent    in    it. 

Teabody,  Jesus  Christ  and  the  Social  Question. 


IG     Year  Book  ol'  Church  and  Social  Service 

Other-worldliness,  asceticism,  and  monastic  enthusiasm, 
sacramental  and  ritual  superstitions  drifted  in  from  con- 
temporary heathen  society.  From  Greek  intellectualism  came 
a  dogmatic  bent.  The  union  of  church  and  state  was  a 
reversion  to  pagan  religion.  The  curse  of  despotism,  which 
lay  upon  all  humanity,  affected  the  church,  resulting  in  the 
lack  of  political  rights  and  interests  among  the  mass  of 
Christian  people  and  the  disappearance  of  the  original 
democracy  of  the  church  organization. 

The  church  still  concerned  itself  with  some  works  of 
charity,  but  it  did  not  find  a  wider  social  mission  until  the 
Middle  Ages. 

THE    REFORMATION 

"The  religious  reform  movements  of  the  Middle  Ages 
were  very  closely  connected  with  wider  social  causes:  the 
changes  created  by  the  Crusades,  the  consequent  rise  of 
commerce,  the  growth  of  luxury,  the  transition  to  a  money 
basis  in  industry,  the  rise  of  the  cities,  and  the  develop- 
ment of  a  new  city  proletariat.  The  movements  of  Francis 
of  Assisi,  of  the  Waldenscs,  of  the  Humiliati  and  Bons 
Hommes,  were  all  inspired  by  democratic  and  communistic 
ideals.  Wyclif  was  by  far  the  greatest  doctrinal  reformer 
before  the  Reformation;  but  his  eyes,  too,  were  first  opened 
to  the  doctrinal  errors  of  the  Roman  Church  by  joining 
in  a  great  national  and  patriotic  movement  against  the 
alien  domination  and  extortion  of  the  church.  The  Bohemian 
revolt,  made  famous  by  the  name  of  John  Huss,  was  quite 
as  much  political  and  social  as  religious.  Savonarola  was 
a  great  democrat  as  well  as  a  religious  prophet." 

"The  prime  cause  of  the  Reformation  was  the  smolder- 
ing anger  of  the  Northern  nations  at  their  financial  ex- 
ploitation by  the  Italian  papacy.  Luther's  great  manifesto 
'to  the  Christian  Nobility  of  Germany*  was  a  tremendous 
social,  educational,  and  ecclesiastical  reform  program.  He 
secured  the  support  of  the  princes  and  nobles  because  he 
said  with  a  thundering  voice  what  all  felt  about  the  extor- 
tion and  oppression  of  the  ecclesiastical  machine.  At  the 
Diet  of  Worms  in  1521  nearly  all  the  German  states  were 


Social  Service  Movement  in  Churches      17 

friendly  to  liiin,  hut  they  cared  nothing  for  his  doctrinal 
differences,  and  would  have  been  best  pleased  if  he  had 
abjured  them. 

"The  glorious  years  of  the  Lutheran  Reformation  were 
from  1 51 7  to  1525,  when  the  whole  nation  was  in  commo- 
tion anrl  a  great  revolutionary  tidal  wave  seemed  to  be 
sweeping  every  class  and  every  higher  interest  one  step 
nearer  to  its  ideal  of  life.  When  it  became  'religious'  in 
the  narrower  sense,  it  grew  scholastic  and  spiny,  quarrel- 
some, and  impotent  to  awaken  high  enthusiasm  and  noble 
life.  The  scepter  of  leadership  passed  from  Lutheranism 
to  Calvinism  and  to  regenerated  Catholicism.  Calvinism 
had  a  far  wider  sphere  of  influence  and  a  far  deeper  effect 
on  the  life  of  the  nations  than  Lutheranism,  because  it 
continued  to  fuse  religious  faith  with  the  demand  for  political 
liberty  and  social  justice." 

r;ut  of  the  Reformation  came  other  significant  social 
movements.  The  Peasants'  Rising  in  1525  in  Germany 
embodied  the  social  ideals  of  the  common  people;  the 
Anabaptist  movement,  which  began  simultaneously,  expressed 
their  religious  aspirations;  both  were  essentially  noble  and 
just;  both  have  been  most  amply  justified  by  the  later  course 
of  history;  yet  both  were  quenched  in  streams  of  blood 
and  have  had  to  wait  till  our  own  day  for  their  resurrection 
in  new  form. 

NATIONAL    MOVEMENTS 

The  next  social  expression  of  religion  was  in  certain 
national  movements.  The  greatest  forward  movements  in 
religion  have  always  taken  place  under  the  call  of  the 
great  historical   situations. 

"Nations  rise  to  the  climax  of  their  life  and  humanity 
unfolds  its  enormous  dormant  capacities  only  when  religion 
enters  into  a  living  and  inspiring  relation  to  all  the  rest 
f)f  human  life.  Under  an  impulse  which  was  both  religious 
and  national  the  little  Netherlands,  hardly  three  million 
people  on  marshy  soil,  resi.sted  the  greatest  and  richest 
and  most  relentless  power  of  Europe  for  eighty  years, 
leaperl  to  the  van  of  European  sea  power,  and  became  the 


18    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

leader  in  the  great  political  coalitions  of  Europe.  Under 
the  same  unity  of  religious  and  political  enthusiasm  Sweden, 
with  only  a  million  men  on  rocky  and  snowbound  soil,  came 
to  the  rescue  of  Protestantism  under  Gustavus  Adolphus  and 
dictated  terms  to  Europe.  England  would  have  been  glad 
to  help,  but  was  held  down  by  the  selfish  dynastic  policy  of 
James  I.  Thus  in  past  history  religion  has  demonstrated  its 
capacity  to  evoke  the  latent  powers  of  humanity,  and  has 
in  turn  gained  a  fresh  hold  on  men  and  rejuvenated  its 
own  life  by  supporting  the  high  patriotic  and  social  ambitions 
of  an  age." 

THE   EVANGELICAL   REVIVAL 

The  next  striking  manifestation  of  the  social  end  of 
Christianity  was  in  connection  with  the  Evangelical  Revival 
in  the  eighteenth  century.  The  later  English  historians 
all  bear  witness  to  the  fact  that  no  other  force  has  so 
deeply  affected  the  modern  developments  of  English  life. 
In  that  revival  Methodism  was  born,  and  "it  became  a 
social  factor  of  first  significance."  ^  It  changed  directly 
and  indirectly  the  whole  face  of  English  communal  life, 
and  lifted  into  new  light  the  mighty  problems  with  which 
England  had  soon  to  occupy  herself.  The  Methodist  class- 
meeting  gave  the  personal  touch  to  the  charity  of  England 
and  together  with  the  village  chapel  prepared  the  Eng- 
lish working  men  for  political  and  social  democracy. 
Probably  no  four  or  five  factors  together  have  had  the 
same  social  significance  "for  the  future  of  England's  empire 
as  the  Methodist  phase  of  the  Evangelical  Revival."  ^ 

Along  with  that  must  be  put  the  social  significance  of 
the  rise  of  the  Evangelical  Party  in  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. These  two  together  originated  the  movement  against 
slavery,  the  movement  for  prison  reform,  and  reform  in 
poor  relief.  They  threw  their  forces  into  the  struggle  for 
the  Reform  Bill  and  the  repeal  of  the  Corn  Laws,  which 
gave  democracy  a  living  chance,  and  then,  even  though  they 

^Social  Meaning  of  Modern  Religious  Movements  in  England, 
T.  C  Hall. 


Social  Service  Movement  in  Churches      19 

had  to  turn  against  their  allies,  they  led  the  fight  against 
factory  slavery  and  secured  the  first  labor  legislation. 

MODERN    SOCIAL    PROPHETS 

The  next  step  in  the  social  expression  of  religion  was 
the  work  of  that  group,  some  of  whom  called  themselves 
Christian  Socialists,  who  proved  once  again  that  the  wider 
social  outlook  is  almost  invariably  the  condition  for  the 
prophetic  gift.  The  men  of  our  own  age  who  have  had 
something  of  the  prophet's  vision  and  power  of  language 
and  inspiration  have  nearly  all  had  the  social  enthusiasm 
and  faith  in  the  reconstructive  power  of  Christianity. 
Maurice  and  Kingsley,  Ruskin  and  Carlyle,  Lamennais  and 
Mazzini  and  Tolstoy  were  in  their  measure  true  seers  of 
God,  and  they  made  others  see. 

THE    MISSIONARY    AWAKENING 

The  direct  spiritual  successors  of  the  English  group  of 
modern  social  prophets  were  the  men  who  developed  the 
settlement  movement  and  the  Forward  Movement  in  modern 
city  church  work,  such  men  as  Toynbee  and  Barnett  on 
one  hand  and  Hugh  Price  Hughes  and  John  Clifford  on  the 
other.  It  was  out  of  this  settlement  and  institutional  church 
movement  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  a  movement  to 
apply  the  gospel  to  all  the  needs  and  activities  of  life,  that 
the  present  social  service  movement  was  organized.  It  is 
a  product  of  the  modern  missionary  awakening,  of  that 
spirit  which  in  the  last  century  sent  one  group  across  the 
seas  to  the  darkness  of  heathen  lands  and  another  group 
down  into  the  darkness  of  Christian  cities.  Both  groups 
found  themselves  compelled  to  apply  the  gospel  to  social 
conditions. 

The  social  work  of  foreign  missions  has  been  not  the 
least  of  its  triumphs.  In  our  own  cities  those  who  were 
laboring  to  apply  the  gospel  to  the  whole  of  life  found 
that  it  must  reach  out  and  transform  the  surroundings 
as  well  as  the  people;  that  if  it  was  to  be  effective  in 
individual    life    it    must    also    reach    the    social,    industrial. 


20    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

and  political  conditions  which  were  so  largely  affecting  life. 
Thus  the  Salvation  Army  developed  its  manifold  social 
ministry,  and  in  all  denominations  the  men  who  were  de- 
veloping a  social  ministry  in  their  churches  gradually  came 
together  behind  a  common  program  and  common  methods, 
forming  the  present  denominational  organizations. 

In  the  United  States  the  pioneers  of  Christian  social 
thought  to  whom  a  tribute  of  honor  is  due  are  Washington 
Gladden,  Josiah  Strong,  and  Richard  T.  Ely.  "These  men 
had  matured  their  thought  when  the  rest  of  us  were  young 
men,  and  they  had  a  spirit  in  them  which  kindled  and 
compelled  us."  The  honors  of  leadership  in  various  phases 
of  organized  effort  are  fairly  distributed  among  different 
denominations,  as  shown  in  the  following  statements  from 
different  publications : 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  for  instance,  failed  to  take 
any  leading  part  in  the  older  social  conflicts  with  alcoholism 
and  with  slavery,  but  in  the  present  struggle  against  industrial 
extortion  it  has  furnished  far  more  than  its  share  of  workers 
and  leaders.  The  Church  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
the  Interests  of  Labor  (C.  A.  I.  L.)  organized  by  a  few 
ministers  in  1887,  was  probably  the  first  organization  of  social 
Christianity  in  this  country. 

The  Brotherhood  of  the  Kingdom,  formed  in  1893,  was  one 
of  the  earliest  organizations  of  social  Christianity  in  the  country. 
Its  early  members  were  all  Baptists,  and  it  might  have  become 
the  organization  of  Baptist  radicals,  but  it  chose  the  broadest 
interdenominational  bases  on  principle,  and  the  denomination 
thus  gets  no  credit  for  an  enterprise  born  of  its  best  spirit. 

By  the  establishment  of  its  Department  of  Church  and  Labor 
in  1903  the  Presbyterian  Church  has  won  a  preeminence  which 
all  may  envy,  but  which  none  will  grudge,  for  its  work  has 
been  nobly  free  from  denominational  selfishness  and  has  bene- 
fited all. 

The  Congregationalists,  Baptists,  Disciples,  Unitarians,  and 
UniversaHsts,  with  their  sib  and  kin,  represent  the  principles 
of  pure  democracy  in  church  life.  That  is  their  spiritual 
charisma  and  their  qualification  for  leadership  in  the  democrati- 
zation of  the  social  order.  Their  loose-jointed  organization 
makes  united  action  more  difficult  for  them  than  for  other 
churches,   but  they  have  been  prolific  of  men   whose   freedom 


Social  Service  Movement  in  Chui'ches     21 

of  thought  and  resolute  love  of  justice  showed  that  they  had 
been  suckled  with  the  milk  of  independency. 

The  honor  of  making  the  first  ringing  declaration  in  a 
national  convention  belongs  to  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
Every  General  Conference  of  the  Church  since  1892  had  been 
memorialized  by  some  minor  body  pleading  for  action.  In 
1908  no  less  than  thirteen  Annual  Conferences  besides  various 
preachers'  meetings  presented  memorials.  The  bishops  in  a 
cautious  way  devoted  a  large  part  of  their  episcopal  address 
to  the  subject.  The  Committee  on  the  State  of  the  Church 
presented  a  brave  and  outspoken  report,  culminating  in  a  kind 
of  Bill  of  Rights  for  labor,  and  ending  in  a  splendid  summons 
to  all  the  militant  forces  of  this  great  Church  to  do  their  part 
in  the  pressing  duty  of  the  hour. 

Immediately  after  the  Methodist  General  Conference,  in 
December,  1908,  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ 
in  America  was  organized  at  Philadelphia,  representing  and 
uniting  thirty-three  Protestant  denominations.  This  organiza- 
tion marked  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  American  Protestantism. 
But  no  other  session  created  so  profound  an  interest  as  that 
devoted  to  "Social  Service."  The  report  of  the  Commission 
was  heard  with  tense  feeling,  which  broke  into  prolonged  and 
enthusiastic  applause  at  the  close.  The  Bill  of  Rights  adopted 
by  the  Methodist  Conference  was  presented  with  some  changes 
and  adopted  without  the  slightest  disposition  to  halt  it  at  any 
point. 

Nearly  every  great  denominational  convention  since  that  time 
has  felt  the  obligation  to  make  a  serious  pronouncement  on  the 
social  questions.  In  several  cases  the  social  creed  of  the  Federal 
Council  was  adopted ;  for  instance,  by  the  Congregational  Council 
in  1910.  When  any  change  was  made,  it  was  in  the  direction 
of  increased  emphasis. 

One  of  the  first  results  of  the  formation  of  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  was  the 
organization  of  a  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social 
Service.  This  has  coordinated  the  work  of  the  various 
denominations,  and  in  this  field  there  have  been  taken  the 
most  significant  steps  toward  realizing  the  fundamental 
unity  of  Christendom.  It  is  significant  that  in  1906,  "when 
the  Congregationalists,  the  United  Brethren,  and  the  Meth- 
odist Protestant  bodies,  together  comprising  over  a  million 


22    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Sei^ice 

members,  were  on  the  point  of  entering  into  organic  union, 
a  creed  was  adopted  in  which  one  of  the  five  articles  was 
wholly  devoted  to  the  social  duty  of  the  Church :  *We  believe 
that  according  to  Christ's  law  men  of  the  Christian  faith 
exist  for  the  service  of  man,  not  only  in  holding  forth  the 
word  of  life,  but  in  the  support  of  works  and  institutions  of 
pity  and  charity,  in  the  maintenance  of  human  freedom,  in 
the  deliverance  of  all  those  that  are  oppressed,  in  the  enforce- 
ment of  civic  justice,  and  in  the  rebuke  of  all  unrighteous- 
ness.' "  In  the  Men  and  Religion  Movement  of  1910,  nothing 
was  more  remarkable  than  the  response  of  the  men  of  the 
churches  to  the  social  service  message  and  program. 

In  the  last  two  years  the  social  movement  in  the  churches 
has  both  deepened  and  widened  its  influence.  It  is  express- 
ing itself  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  and  in  the  Jewish 
communion,  as  well  as  in  the  Protestant  denominations.  It 
is  deeply  entrenched  in  the  educational  work  of  the  young 
people's  societies,  the  Sunday-school,  and  the  theological 
seminaries. 

During  this  period  the  denominational  agencies  have  per- 
fected their  plans.  Their  general  methods  are:  first,  to 
produce  and  circulate  printed  matter;  second,  to  conduct 
information  bureaus,  giving  suggestions  as  to  reading  and 
material  available  for  sermons  and  speeches  and  workable 
plans  for  local  community  service  by  churches ;  third,  to  carry 
on  a  large  speaking  propaganda  which  is  country-wide  in  its 
influence,  has  gained  large  publicity,  and  has  extended  and 
increased  the  influence  of  the  church  in  many  quarters. 

The  interdenominational  alliance  of  social  service  agencies 
has  also  been  greatly  strengthened  in  the  past  two  years. 
The  Secretarial  Council  1  holds  regular  meetings,  with  the 
result  that  the  literature  of  one  denomination  is  available 
for  all,  a  common  body  of  printed  matter  has  developed, 
methods  are  standardized,  and  a  joint  educational  scheme  is 
promoted.  Joint  aid  has  been  rendered  to  local  communities, 
and  the  united  force  of  the  churches  has  been  thrown  behind 
legislative  issues  in  several  states.    The  period  has  been  one 


^See  pages  24-26. 


Social  Service  Movement  in  Churches     23 

of  seed-sowing  and  the  preparation  of  educational  material. 
Large  concrete  results  are  to  be  expected  from  now  on. 

It  may  fairly  be  said  that  one  result  of  social  service 
activities  in  the  churches  in  the  past  few  years  is  a  changed 
attitude  on  the  part  of  many  church-members  concerning 
the  purpose  and  function  both  of  the  church  and  of  Christi- 
anity. A  social  consciousness  and  a  social  conscience  have 
been  developed  within  the  churches.  Their  social  will  is 
strengthening  and  they  are  determined  to  make  the  gospel 
real,  to  carry  it  to  its  uttermost  conclusion  in  the  social  order 
as  in  the  individual  life. 


II 

CHURCH  SOCIAL  SERVICE  ORGANIZA- 
TIONS 

WITH   EXECUTIVE   OR   FIELD   SECRETARIES 

The  Federal  Council  Commission  on  the  Church  and 
Social  Service 

history  and  organization 

THE  Federal  Council,  including  thirty  evangelical  denom- 
inations and  communions  as  constituent  bodies,  operates 
in  the  interest  of  Social  Service  through  the  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social  Service,  appointed  at  the 
organization  of  the  Council  in  Philadelphia,  1908.  At 
Philadelphia  the  previous  Committee  on  the  Church  and 
Modern  Industry  gave  utterance  to  a  message  which  was 
unanimously  adopted  by  the  Council,  has  become  historic, 
has  since  been  reaffirmed  by  practically  all  the  leading 
church  assemblies  and  received  with  gladness  by  social 
leaders  and  workers  in  all  spheres  of  service. 

The  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  was 
thoroughly  organized,  and  in  the  spring  of  1911  the  Rev. 
Charles  S.  Macfarland  was  elected  as  its  Secretary,  its  offices 
being  in  association  with  those  of  the  Federal  Council. 

Dr.  Macfarland,  now  the  General  Secretary  of  the  Federal 
Council,  also  serves  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Commission,  in 
association  with  the  denominational  social  service  secretaries, 
all  of  whom  are  Associate  Secretaries  of  the  Federal  Council 
Commission,  forming  what  is  known  as  the  Secretarial 
Council. 

The  offices  of  the  Commission  contain  a  large  Social 
Service  Library,  which  adds  all  the  latest  books,  has  on  file 
about   two   hundred    social    and    industrial    magazines    and 

24 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      25 

papers,  and  contains  the  literature  pertaining  to  social  work 
issued  by  all  the  movements,  both  religious  and  general. 

Its  most  important  work  is  that  of  correlating  and  coordi- 
nating the  various  denominational  commissions  and  move- 
ments; and  it  has  already  gone  a  long  way  in  bringing  the 
denominational  work  into  unity. 

CONFERENCES 

Its  first  Interdenominational  Conference  was  held  at 
Boston  in  June,  191 1,  and  consisted  of  representatives  of  the 
evangelical  denominations  which  were  definitely  organized' 
in  the  interest  of  Social  Service.  This  preliminary  Con- 
ference requested  that  Secretaries  Macfarland,  Atkinson, 
Crouch,  Stelzle,  and  Ward  arrange  for  an  Interdenomina- 
tional Conference  to  which  all  the  constituent  bodies  of  the 
Federal  Council  should  be  invited  to  send  delegates.  In 
accordance  with  this  action,  at  an  Interdenominational  Con- 
ference held  at  Chicago,  November,  191 1,  seventeen  denom- 
inations were  represented  by  delegates  elected  or  appointed 
by  denominational  action,  and  the  agreement  was  that  the 
various  denominational  committees  and  departments  should 
cooperate  through  the  Federal  Council  Commission. 

A  third  Conference,  with  a  large  attendance  representing 
nearly  all  the  constituent  denominations  of  the  Federal 
Council,  was  held  at  Chicago  in  December,  1912. 

SECRETARIAL  FORCES 

A  Secretarial  Council  was  recommended,  to  consist  of 
the  denominational  secretaries  of  those  Commissions  having 
such  executives,  with  the  understanding  that  the  Secretary 
of  the  Federal  Council  Commission  should  represent  in  the 
Council  all  the  other  denominations  which  did  not  have 
executive  secretaries. 

The  Commission  has  voted  that  these  secretaries  be  made 
Associate  Secretaries  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission, 
subject  to  the  acceptance  of  the  arrangement  by  the  denom- 
inational organizations.  These  Associate  Secretaries  are  as 
follows:   Henry   A.   Atkinson,    Secretary   of   the   Congrega- 


26    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

tional  Commission  on  Social  Service;  Samuel  Z.  Batten, 
Secretary  of  the  Baptist  Department  of  Social  Service  and 
the  Brotherhood;  Frank  M.  Crouch,  Executive  Secretary  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Joint  Commission;  Rev.  Charles  O. 
Gill,  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission  on  the 
Church  and  Country  Life;  Harry  F.  Ward,  Secretary  of  the 
Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service;  and  Rev.  Warren 
H.  Wilson  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church.  Through  this  Council  the  denominational 
agencies  are  working  together,  issuing  their  literature  in 
common,  dividing  the  work  and  cooperating  at  every  possible 
point,  both  nationally  and  locally,  and  each  Secretary,  so  far 
as  it  does  not  interfere  with  his  denominational  interests,  is 
making  his  work  interdenominational. 

GENERAL    PLAN    OF    WORK 

The  whole  work  of  the  Commission  is  proceeding  in  this 
way,  conceiving  its  function  to  be  that  of  bringing  the 
denominational  forces  to  work  together,  rather  than  con- 
sidering itself  as  an  independent  body.  Its  "Plan  of  Work" 
has  been  approved  and  adopted  by  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  Federal  Council,  the  Interdenominational  Social 
Service  Conference  at  Chicago,  the  various  denominational 
Commissions  or  Committees,  and  was  also  approved  by  the 
Federal  Council  in  session  at  Chicago,  December,  1912. 

The  Commission  is  made  up  of  about  125  of  the  leading 
social  workers  of  the  nation,  who  represent  distinctively 
the  view-point  of  the  churches,  and  some  of  the  important 
items  in  its  current  program  are  as  follows : 

Close  relationship  is  being  established  with  the  theological 
seminaries,  the  schools  for  training  social  workers,  and 
other  institutions  of  learning,  in  the  particular  interest  of 
training  men  and  women  for  a  social  service  which  will 
have  the  distinctively  spiritual  point  of  view. 

The  Commission  is  working  in  close  relationship  with  all 
the  national  agencies  for  social  reform,  including  the  National 
Child  Labor  Committee,  the  Playground  and  Recreation 
Association,  the  American  Association  for  Labor  Legislation, 
and   all   other   like   organizations.     It   cooperates   with   the 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      27 

National  Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction,  the 
Southern  Sociological  Congress,  and  similar  movements  in 
conducting  departments  of  the  Church  and  Social  Service. 

Plans  are  arranged  to  cooperate  with  the  Industrial  and 
Social  Service  Departments  of  the  International  Committee 
of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  and  the  newly 
created  Industrial  Department  of  the  Young  Women's  Chris- 
tian Association,  and  the  Young  People's  Society  of  Chris- 
tian Endeavor  and  kindred  societies,  so  that  the  work  of 
these  important  agencies  may  be  fully  available  for  the  use 
of  the  churches. 

One  of  its  most  important  movements  is  its  nation-wide 
campaign  for  one-day-in-seven  for  industrial  workers,  which 
has  been  unanimously  approved  by  the  constituent  bodies 
and  also  officially  by  the  x^merican  Federation  of  Labor. 
Labor  Sunday  was  appointed  by  the  Federal  Council  at  the 
suggestion  of  the  Federation  of  Labor.  The  secretaries  of 
the  Commission  are  received  as  fraternal  delegates  at  the 
annual  sessions  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  and 
also  of  the  Women's  Trade  Union  League. 

The  Commission  also  participated  in  many  ways  in  the 
Men  and  Religion  Forward  Movement,  and  has  assisted  in 
the  conservation  work  of  its  Social  Service  Committees. 

The  various  Secretaries  of  the  Council  are  developing 
social  evangelism  and  civic  revivals,  and  they  are  available 
for  the  services  of  Church  Federations  and  other  organiza- 
tions in  local  communities  for  this  purpose. 

Several  important  investigations  have  been  made,  particu- 
larly of  the  industrial  conditions  in  the  steel  industry  at 
South  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  industrial  warfare  at 
Muscatine,  Iowa.  Secretary  Henry  A.  x\tkinson  also  pre- 
pared a  report  on  the  industrial  situation  in  Michigan  and 
Colorado,  and  a  committee  of  the  Massachusetts  Federation 
of  Churches  prepared  for  the  Commission  a  report  on  the 
situation  at  Lawrence,  Massachusetts.  At  the  present  time 
a  committee  is  making  an  investigation  of  the  situation 
revealed  at  Paterson,  New  Jersey.  A  committee  has  also 
been  instructed  to  report  on  prison  conditions. 

The  literature  of  the  Commission  is  assuming  large  pro- 


28    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

portions,  and  includes  the  reports  of  these  investigations, 
study  courses  and  bibliographies,  social  service  catechisms, 
and  similar  material  for  the  guidance  and  instruction  of 
pastors  and  church  classes,  covering  social  questions  and 
presenting  them  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  obligation 
and  opportunity  of  the  churches.  Arrangements  are  being 
made  to  secure  the  publication  of  handbooks  jointly  with 
other  organizations  issuing  common  publications,  especially 
those  issuing  Home  Mission,  Industrial,  and  Social  Service 
Handbooks  like  the  Missionary  Education  Movement,  and  the 
Association  Press.  The  Secretaries  themselves  contribute 
to  the  literature  on  Social  Service,  new  books  having  recently 
appeared,  by  Secretaries  Ward,  Batten,  Macfarland,  Gill, 
and  Wilson. 

The  churches  are  also  working  increasingly  together  in 
local  communities.  Most  of  the  Federation  of  Churches 
are  formed  with  community  problems  and  social  uplift  as 
their  objectives. 

The  conservation  of  the  Men  and  Religion  Forward 
Movement  has  largely  been  through  the  Social  Service 
Committees. 

In  some  cities,  Social  Service  Secretaries  have  been  en- 
gaged to  give  their  whole  time  to  the  work  of  the  federated 
churches. 

The  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  has  the 
cooperation  of  other  commissions  and  departments  of  the 
Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America, 
including  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Country  Life, 
the  Commission  on  Federated  Movements,  the  Commission 
on  State  and  Local  Federations,  the  Commission  on  Peace 
and  Arbitration,  the  Commission  on  Temperance,  and  the 
Commission  on  Christian  Education,  which  has  assisted  in 
preparing  social  service  material  for  study  courses. 

The  Washington  office  of  the  Federal  Council,  in  charge 
of  Dr.  H.  K.  Carroll,  Associate  Secretary,  also  serves  the 
interest  of  the  Commission,  and  through  the  work  of  Dr. 
Carroll  in  securing  new  chaplains  for  the  navy  an  organiza- 
tion has  been  formed  under  the  title  of  Religious  Welfare 
League  for  the  Army  and  Navy,  the  President  of  which  is 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      29 

Chaplain  Orville  J.  Nave,  Los  Angeles,  California,  and  the 
Secretary,  Dr.  Carroll, 

The  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  also 
works  in  sympathetic  relation  with  the  Federal  Council 
Commission  on  Evangelism,  both  of  these  commissions  realiz- 
ing that  their  work  is  a  common  one. 

During  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  an  exhibit  was 
maintained  by  the  Commission,  and  its  work  was  also  set 
forth  by  daily  illustrated  lectures  in  a  hall  connected  with 
the  exhibit  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  G.  B.   St.  John. 

Literature  describing  the  work  of  the  churches  in  asso- 
ciation with  the  Federal  Council  may  be  obtained  on  applica- 
tion to  the  Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland,  Secretary,  612 
United  Charities  Building,  105  East  22nd  Street,  New  York. 

THE  FEDERAL  COUNCIL  COMMISSION 

Organization  for  1915 

Rev.   Josiah    Strong,   Chairman 

Prof.  George  W.  Richards,  Recording  Secretary 

Committee  of  Direction 

Prof.  Edward  T.  Devine  Rev.  Frank  Mason  North 

Rev.  Henry  A.  Atkinson  William  B.  Patterson 

Rev.  Samuel  Z.  Batten  Gifford  Pinchot 

William  F.  Cochran  Rev.  Josiah  Strong 

Rev.  Frank  M.  Crouch  Rev.  Charles  L.  Thompson 

Shelby  M.  Harrison  Charles  R.  Towson 

Miss  Louise  Holmquist  Rev.  Harry  F.  Ward 

Rev.  J.  Howard  Melish  Rev.  Warren  H.  Wilson 

Members  of  the  Commission 

Rev.  Ernest  H.  Abbott  Rev.  Charles  F.  Carter 

Rt.  Rev.  C.  P.  Anderson  Miss  Winifred  Chappell 

Roger  W.  Babson  Pres.  George  C.  Chase 

Mrs.  O.  Shepard  Barnum  Rev.  Orrin  G.  Cocks 

Bishop  William  M.  Bell  George  W.  Coleman 

Bishop  S.  C.  Breyfogel  Harris  R.  Cooley 

Pres.  Franklin  E.  Brooke  William  K.  Cooper 


30     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 


Pres.  Boothe  C.  Davis 

Rev.  Jonathan  C.  Day 

Rev.  Edwin  Heyl  Delk 

John  J.  Eagan 

Prof.  Edwin  L.  Earp 

Richard  H.  Edwards 

Pres.  H.  L.  Elderdice 

H.  D.  W.  English 

Prof.  Daniel  Evans 

Bishop  Joseph  S.  Flipper 

Homer  Folks 

Rev.  Samuel  M.  Gibson 

Rev.  Levi  Gilbert 

Rev.  Washington  Gladden 

John  M.  Glenn 

Rev.  Teunis  E.  Gouwens 

Prof.  Thomas  C.  Hall 

Rev.  W.  H.  Hamblin 

Rev.  William  I.  Haven 

Rev.  W.  F.  Heil 

Prof.  James  R.  Howerton 

Prof.  C.  H.  Johnson 

Prof.  Rufus  M.  Jones 

Rev.  O.  F.  Jordan 

Paul  U.  Kellogg 

Howard  A.  Kelly,  M.D. 

Rev.  J.  H.  Kendall 

J.  W.  Kline 

Rev.  William  E.  Lampe 

John  B.  Lennon 

Rt.  Rev.  Edwin  S.  Lines 

Owen  R.  Lovejoy 

Prof.  F.  E.  Lumley 

Bishop  Francis  J.  McConnell 

Rt.  Rev.  John  N.  McCormick 

Rev.  J.  E.  McCulloch 

Mrs.  R.  W.  MacDonnell 

Miss  Mary  E.  McDowell 

A.  J.  McKelway 

Pres.  David  McKinney 

Rev.  H.  H.  McNeill 

Prof.  C.  J.  Maphis. 

Rev.  H.  H.  Marlin 


Rev.  J.  W.  Messinger 

Rev.  Alfred  E.  Meyer 

James  Alexander  Miller 

Frank  Morrison 

Pres.  S.  K.  Mosiman 

Rev.  C.  J.  Musser 

Rev.  H.  H.  Peters 

Rev.  Jolin  P.  Peters 

Rev.  O.  W.  Powers 

Rev.  H.  H.  Proctor 

Prof.  H.  F.  Rail 

James  A.  Rath 

Prof.  Walter  Rauschenbusch 

Rev.  John  A.  Rice 

Prof.  George  W.  Richards 

Peter  Roberts 

Mrs.  Raymond  Robins 

Miss  Helen  J.  Sanborn 

A.  M.  Scales 

Rev.  Doremus  Scudder 

Miss  Vida  D.  Scudder 

Herbert  N.  Shenton 

Miss  Florence  Simms 

Willard  L.  Small 

Rev.  Leslie  W.  Sprague 

Prof.  Edward  A.  Steiner 

Rev.  Charles  Stelzle 

Chancellor  D.  S.  Stephens 

Rev.  Paul  M.  Strayer 

Rev.  Carlyle  Summerbell 

Very  Rev.  W.  T.  Sumner 

Rev.  E.  Guy  Talbott 

Prof.  A.  W.  Taylor 

Prof.  Graham  Taylor 

Rev.  John  A.  Thurston 

Rev.  Worth  M.  Tippy 

Rev.  A.  J.  Turkic 

Rev.  Samuel  Tyler 

Rev.  T.  W.  Wallace 

Bishop  Alexander  Walters 

Rev.  George  T.  Webb 

Rev.  A.  E.  Webster 

Pres.  Herbert  Welch 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      31 

Rev.  Gaylord  S.  White  Miss  Carolena  M.  Wood 

Rt.  Rev.  C.  D.  Williams  Robert  A.  Woods 

John  Williams  Rev.  E.  S.  Woodring 

Rev.  Leighton  Williams  Hon.  Clinton  R.  Woodruff 

Rev.  G.  B.  Winton  Rev.  Benjamin  Young 

Rev.  Edward  S.  Wolle  Rev.  James  F.  Zwemer 

Secretarial  Council 

Rev.  Henry  A.  Atkinson 14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

Rev.  Samuel  Z.  Batten.  . .  1701  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Rev.  Frank  M.  Crouch 281  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York 

Rev.  Charles  O.  Gill 104  North  3d  Street,  Columbus,  Ohio 

Rev.  Harry  F.  Ward 72  Mount  Vernon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

Rev.  Warren  H.  Wilson 156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York 

Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarlanu,  Secretary 


Department  of  Social   Service  and  Brotherhood  of  the 
Northern   Baptist  Convention 

The  people  called  Baptists  by  their  very  history  and 
fundamental  principles  should  be  interested  in  the  Social 
Gospel  and  in  Social  Service.  The  beginnings  of  the  modern 
Baptist  churches  are  found  in  the  Anabaptist  movement 
of  the  sixteenth  century.  It  has  become  quite  evident  to 
the  student  of  history  that  this  was  quite  as  much  a  social 
as  a  religious  movement.  The  leaders  of  the  new  faith 
preached  the  kingdom  of  God;  they  threw  their  emphasis 
upon  what  was  called  "the  gospel  of  the  common  man" ; 
they  believed  that  the  gospel  was  a  matter  of  experience 
and  life;  and  they  earnestly  sought  to  establish  justice  in 
church  and  society.  Their  doctrines  were  in  advance  of 
the  times  and  it  fared  hardly  with  them.  From  one  cause 
and  another  the  social  emphasis  was  largely  lost.  And  so 
far  as  the  social  gospel  is  concerned  the  Baptists  have 
differed  in  no  essential  respect  from  other  Christian  bodies. 
It  is  true  that  the  Baptist  principle  was  developed  in  some 
of  its  bearings,  and  great  emphasis  fell  upon  the  negative 
idea — the   separation  of   church   and   state.     In   its  political 


32     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

bearing  the  Baptist  principle  meant  democracy  in  govern- 
ment; and  impartial  historians  give  great  honor  to  the 
Baptists  for  their  services  in  this  respect. 

In  all  of  their  history  Baptists  have  been  active  in  various 
lines  of  practical  effort.  It  was  perhaps  natural  that  they 
should  be  among  the  first  in  modern  times  to  take  an  active 
interest  in  missions.  Baptists  were  among  the  pioneers  in 
Sunday-school  work,.  During  the  American  Revolution 
Baptists  almost  to  a  man  supported  the  colonists  and  advo- 
cated independence.  In  all  times  they  have  been  active  in 
general  philanthropy.  But  in  this  respect  it  can  hardly 
be  said  that  they  have  been  conspicuous  above  others  on 
social  duties. 

The  social  emphasis  early  ceased  among  the  Baptists 
and  the  social  gospel  dropped  out  of  the  current  of  Baptist 
life ;  so  far  as  the  social  aspects  of  the  gospel  are  concerned. 
Baptists  have  differed  in  no  essential  respect  from  other 
bodies  of  Christians.  In  fact,  strangely  enough,  it  may  be 
said  that  Baptists  have  been  somewhat  tardy  in  their  accept- 
ance of  the  modern  idea  of  social  service. 

Twenty  years  ago  a  little  company  of  Baptists,  ministers 
and  laymen,  met  in  Philadelphia  and  organized  "The 
Brotherhood  of  the  Kingdom."  In  its  spirit  and  aims  we 
find  the  following:  "The  Spirit  of  God  is  moving  men  in 
our  generation  toward  a  better  understanding  of  the  ideas 
of  the  kingdom  of  God  on  earth.  Obeying  the  thought  of 
our  Master,  and  trusting  in  the  prayer  and  guidance  of  his 
Spirit,  we  form  ourselves  into  a  Brotherhood  of  the  King- 
dom, in  order  to  reestablish  this  idea  in  the  thought  of  the 
church  and  to  assist  in  its  practical  realization  in  the 
world." 

"Each  member  shall  lay  special  emphasis  on  the  social 
aims  of  Christianity,  and  shall  endeavor  to  make  Christ's 
teaching  concerning  wealth  operative  in  the  church." 

"On  the  other  hand  the  members  shall  take  pains  to 
keep  in  contact  with  the  common  people,  and  infuse  the 
religious  spirit  into  efforts  for  social  amelioration." 

This  was  one  of  the  very  first  organized  expressions  of 
the  new  social  spirit  that  is  now  so  manifest  in  our  land. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      33 

And  it  is  significant  that  it  was  inspired  by  the  idea  of  the 
kingdom  of  God  as  a  divine  human  society  on  earth. 

The  Brotherhood  within  a  year  broadened  its  scope  and 
became  interdenominational.  Through  all  these  years  the 
members  have  thrown  great  emphasis  upon  the  social  aspect 
of  the  gospel.  And  a  number  of  the  Baptist  members  of 
the  Brotherhood  have  been  very  active  in  developing  the 
Social  Service  idea  within  the  Baptist  fellowship.  Among 
the  early  Baptist  members  who  have  been  active  in  this  line 
may  be  mentioned :  Dr.  George  Dana  Boardman,  Prof.  W. 
N.  Clarke,  Prof.  Walter  Rauschenbusch,  Dr.  Leighton  Wil- 
liams, Prof.  Spencer  B.  Meeser,  Prof.  Samuel  Z.  Batten. 

Until  the  last  few  years  the  Baptists  have  had  no  organiza- 
tion which  represented  them  as  a  body  in  their  whole  work 
for  the  Kingdom.  We  had  a  number  of  organizations  repre- 
senting the  church;  but  each  organization  represented  one 
department  of  the  work,  as  the  Foreign  Missionary  Society, 
the  Home  Mission  Society,  the  Publication  Society,  etc. 
In  May,  1905,  at  St.  Louis,  during  the  meeting  of  the  Home 
Mission  Society,  Rev.  S.  Z.  Batten,  then  of  Lincoln,  Nebraska, 
offered  the  following  resolution : 

Whereas,  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  has  come  to  redeem  the 
world  and  to  fulfil  the  kingdom  of  God;  and  whereas  the 
Christian  is  interested  in  everything  that  concerns  man's 
moral  progress,  and  is  called  to  act  as  the  mediator  between 
all  classes  of  people. 

Therefore,  resolved:  That  a  committee  of  seven  be  ap- 
pointed to  study  the  relation  of  the  church  to  the  social 
questions  of  our  time  and  to  endeavor  to  bring  about  more 
harmonious  relations  between  the  Christian  people  and  work- 
ing men;  and  Resolved:  That  this  committee  shall  have 
power  and  be  authorized  to  bring  any  questions  of  pressing 
importance  to  the  attention  of  our  Baptist  people  and  to 
secure  their  support  in  behalf  of  such  social  and  reform 
measures. 

This  resolution  was  referred  to  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  Home  Mission  Society.  The  next  year,  at  Dayton, 
this  Committee  reported  as  follows: 

"At   the    meeting   last   year   the    Society    referred   to   the 


34    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Board  a  resolution  introduced  for  the  appointment  of  a 
committee  to  study  the  relation  of  the  church  to  the  social 
questions  of  our  time.  After  much  consideration  your 
Board  is  not  prepared  to  recommend  that  the  Society  should 
assume  responsibility  for  the  appointment  of  such  a  com- 
mittee, thereby  practically  creating  a  department  of  Christian 
Economics,  with  the  numerous  debatable  questions  involved, 
requiring  more  time  for  their  just  consideration  than  is 
available  in  the  brief  and  crowded  annual  session  of  the 
Society.  It  seems,  however,  that  matters  of  this  character 
may  be  very  properly  considered  by  the  General  Conven- 
tion of  the  Baptists  of  North  America  to  which  it  is  re- 
spectfully suggested  they  be  referred."  The  Baptists  were 
not  ready  to  approve  this  new  interest  and  nothing  could 
be  done. 

In  the  meantime  the  Northern  Baptist  Convention  was 
being  organized  to  represent  the  denomination  in  their 
whole  work  for  the  Kingdom.  The  first  regular  meeting 
of  the  Convention  was  held  at  Oklahoma  City  in  May,  1908. 
During  the  Convention  a  conference  of  representative  men 
decided  that  a  resolution  be  presented,  calling  for  the  crea- 
tion of  a  Social  Service  Commission,  and  the  following  was 
offered  and  adopted  by  the  Convention: 

Resolved:  That  we  request  the  Northern  Baptist  Con- 
vention to  appoint  a  committee  of  seven  to  study  what  is 
being  done  in  the  field  of  social  service.  To  report  the 
results  from  time  to  time  to  the  churches  through  the 
religious  press,  and  to  report  the  total  results  to  the  Con- 
vention of  1909,  together  with  such  recommendations  based 
thereon  as  may  be  deemed  advisable. 

As  time  has  gone  by  and  the  work  has  developed  other 
lines  of  interest  and  effort  have  been  committed  to  the 
Commission,  such  as  the  Country  Church  and  Temperance. 
Two  years  later  the  Commission  was  increased  to  fifteen, 
and  it  was  made  a  department  of  the  Convention.  In  191 3 
the  Commission  was  further  increased  by  the  addition  of 
three  women. 

The  Commission  during  all  the  earlier  years  depended 
wholly  upon  volunteer  workers.    But  it  did  much  to  promote 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      35 

the  social  service  idea  and  to  develop  an  active  interest 
in  the  church.  The  Commission  has  presented  a  compre- 
liensive  report  each  year,  defining  social  service,  outlining  a 
program  of  action,  and  suggesting  practical  lines  of  effort. 

In  May,  1912,  at  the  meeting  of  the  Convention  held  in 
Des  Moines,  the  resolution  was  adopted,  recommending  to 
the  American  Baptist  Publication  Society  the  consideration 
of  this  work,  and  authorizing  the  Commission  to  make  such 
arrangements  with  the  Society  as  seemed  desirable  for 
carrying  on  this  work. 

In  the  following  September,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of 
the  American  Baptist  Publication  Society,  a  Department  of 
Social  Service  and  Brotherhood  was  created,  and  Prof.  S. 
Z.  Batten,  of  Des  Moines  College,  was  elected  Secretary. 
The  work  of  social  service  is  thus  fully  recognized  by  the 
denomination  and  is  placed  on  an  equality  with  all  other 
departments  of  work. 

The  Commission  is  securing  the  creation  of  State  Com- 
missions in  all  the  territory  of  the  Convention;  thus  far 
nearly  every  state  has  acted  favorably.  In  several  states, 
efficient  work  has  been  done.  The  Commission  is  issuing 
much  literature  of  various  kinds  bearing  upon  social  service. 
It  is  issuing  a  number  of  volumes  for  social  service  study 
under  the  general  title,  "The  Social  Service  Series."  The 
Commission  has  also  been  active  in  promoting  the  interests 
of  the  Country  Church.  Two  years  ago  the  Convention 
urged  every  church  to  develop  a  "constructive  program  for 
service  of  the  social  needs  of  the  community,  either  singly  or 
in  the  largest  possible  cooperation  with  others."  To  meet 
this  demand  the  Commission  has  submitted  and  the  Con- 
vention has  approved  "The  Social  Service  Program";  this 
suggests  some  definite  and  practical  lines  of  social  effort  in 
the  Church,  in  the  Family,  in  the  Community,  and  in 
Industry.  The  Commission,  cooperating  with  the  Commis- 
sion on  Religious  and  Moral  Education,  has  worked  out  a 
comprehensive  system  of  Social  Studies  for  Sunday  Schools, 
Young  People's  Society,  Adult  Classes,  Brotherhoods,  and 
Study  Groups  dealing  with  many  phases  of  Social  Study, 
such  as  "The  Social  Ideals  of  the  Old  Testament,"   "The 


30    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Social  Teaching-  of  Jesus,"  "The  Social  Awakening,"  "The 
Principles  of  Social  Service,"  "Social  Institutions,"  "Social 
Duties,"  "Social  Problems,"  "Community  Study,"  "Voca- 
tional Outlook." 

The  Commission  has  not  sought  to  build  up  another 
organization  to  do  social  service  work  in  the  churches  or 
in  communities.  It  has  sought  rather  to  infuse  the  social 
service  spirit  into  existing  organizations,  to  indicate  ways 
whereby  these  organizations  can  become  socially  effective, 
to  gear  up  the  devotion  of  our  people  to  the  social  task  of 
their  communities,  and  to  promote  the  practical  efficiency  of 
existing  agencies.  The  objectives  of  the  Social  Service 
Department  are  as  follows: 

To  make  known  the  principles  of  social  Christianity.. 

To  interpret  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  in  terms  of  human 
life  and  social  redemption. 

To  arouse  the  spirit  of  social  service  in  all  of  our  churches. 

To  secure  the  cooperation  of  our  churches  with  all  other 
agencies  doing  social  service  work. 

To  suggest  lessons  in  social  service  study  for  our  people. 

To  outline  definite  and  constructive  programs  for  our 
churches  in  their  work  for  community  betterment. 

To  interpret  the  spirit  and  aims  of  the  churches  to  the 
industrial  workers  of  our  land. 

To  show  that  the  Christian  gospel  leads  to  social  effort 
and  that  true  social  effort  is  essentially  Christian. 

To  represent  the  denomination  in  an  official  capacity  at 
all  meetings  where  Labor  and  Social  Service  are  discussed. 

The  Department  seeks  to  realize  this  objective  by  the 
following  means : 

By  the  discussion  of  social  service  work  in  the  meetings 
of  our  churches. 

By  the  consideration  of  the  work  of  social  service  at 
associational  meetings  and  state  conventions. 

By  holding  conferences  and  conventions  at  such  times 
and  places  as  seem  necessary. 

By  distributing  and  publishing  literature  bearing  upon 
this  work. 

By  preparing  social  service  study  lessons  and  by  corre- 
spondence courses. 

By  the  utilization  of  a  speakers'  bureau. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      37 

By  cooperating  with  the  theological  seminaries  in  the 
work  of  seminary  extension. 

By  giving  special  attention  to  the  country  church  in  its 
relation  to  community  service. 

By  conducting  headquarters  with  a  reference  library  and 
card  index  covering  all  phases  of  the  work. 

The  members  of  the  Commission  are: 

S.  Zane  Batten,  Chairman,  1701  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

George  W.  Coleman,  Boston,  Mass. 

Mrs.  George  H.  Ferris,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

John  E.  Franklin,  Colorado  Springs,  Colo. 

Charles  J.  Galpin,  Madison,  Wis. 

Mrs.  E.  J.  Goodspeed,  Chicago,  111. 

Rivington  D.  Lord,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Shailer  Mathews,  Chicago,  111. 

Mrs.  Helen  B.  Montgomery,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Loran  D.  Osborn,  Boulder,  Colo. 

Harold  Pattison,  New  York  City. 

W.  Edward  Raffety,  Kansas  City,  Kans. 

Geo.  T.  Webb,  Secretary,  1701  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Walter  Rauschenbusch,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

W.  Quay  Rosselle,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Henry  K.  Rowe,  Newton  Center,  Mass. 

Louis  J.  Sawyer,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Alfred  W.  Wishart,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 

The  Commission  has  the  following  departments  in  charge 
of  special  committees: 

Department  of  Prison  Reform 

Dr.  S.  Z.  Batten,  Mrs.  E.  J.  Goodspeed,  Dr.  A.  \W.  Wishart. 
Department  of  Rural  Communities 

Mr.  C.  J.  Galpin,  Rev.  L.  J.  Sawyer,  Prof.  W.  Edward  Raffety, 

Mrs.  H.  B.  Montgomery,   Prof.  H.  K.  Rowe. 

Department  of  Immigration  and  Foreign  Speaking  People 
Dr.  Harold  Pattison,  Mr.  George  W.  Coleman,  Dean  Shailer 
Mathews. 

Department  of  Temperance  and  Social  Hygiene 
Dr.  W.  Quay  Rosselle,  Dr.  S.  Z.  Batten,  Rev.  R.  D.  Lord,  Dr. 
George  T.  Webb. 


38    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Department  of  Social  Education 
Mrs.  George  H.  Ferris,  Mr.  John  E.  Franklin,  Dr.  George  T. 
Webb,  Prof.  L.  D.  Osborn,  Prof.  H.  K.  Rowe. 

Departrwent  of  Industrial  Problems 
Mr.  John  E.  Franklin,  Prof.  Walter  Rauschenbusch,  Rev.  R.  D. 
Lord,  Prof.  L.  D.  Osborn. 

Department  of  the  Home  and  the  Child 

Prof.  W.  E.  Raffety,  Mrs.  G.  H.  Ferris,  Mrs.  H.  B.  Mont- 
gomer}',  Mr.  G.  W.  Coleman. 

Department  of  International  Peace  and  National  Security 
Dr.  S.  Z.  Batten,  Dean  Shailer  Mathews,  Rev.  A.  W.  Wishart. 

Department  of  Lord's  Day 
Rev.  L.  J.  Sawyer,  Rev.  R.  D.  Lord,  Dr.  Harold  Pattison. 

Each  department  is  making  a  special  study  of  its  own  topic. 
It  is  gathering  information  and  is  preparing  this  for  presen- 
tation to  the  people.  It  is  cooperating  in  all  w^ays  possible 
with  other  agencies  in  promoting  the  special  subject,  and  it 
serves  as  our  representative  on  bodies  having  these  ends  in 
view. 

In  191 1,  at  Philadelphia,  at  the  meeting  of  the  Baptist 
World  Alliance,  a  resolution  signed  by  a  number  of  dele- 
gates was  presented,  calling  for  the  appointment  of  a  World 
Alliance  Social  Service  Commission.  The  Commission  or- 
ganized by  electing  Dr.  John  Clifford,  of  London,  President, 
and  a  Vice-President  for  each  country  in  the  Alliance.  A 
central  Executive  of  five  was  created,  consisting  of  Pres. 
M.  G.  Evans,  Pres.  E.  Y.  Mullins,  Prof.  Walter  Rauschen- 
busch, and  Prof.  S.  Z.  Batten  as  Chairman,  and  the  Rev.  J.  W. 
Graves  as  Secretary.  Efforts  are  being  made,  and  with 
marked  success,  to  secure  the  creation  of  a  Commission  in 
each  country  of  the  globe.  Many  things  indicate  that  the 
Baptist  body  throughout  the  world  is  accepting  the  Social 
Gospel  and  is  taking  an  active  interest  in  Social  Service. 

The  Commission  publishes  a  number  of  leaflets  which  will 
be  sent  to  all  who  desire  copies. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      39 

Social   Service  Commission  of  the  Congregational 
Church 

Henry  A.  Atkinson,  Executive  Secretary;  Office,  14  Beacon 
Street,  Boston,  Mass. 
The  members  of  the  Commission  are: 

Rev.  Charles  R.  Brown,  New  Haven,  Conn.;  Prof.  Fred  B. 
Hill,  Northfield,  Minn. ;  Rev.  Arthur  E.  Holt,  Manhattan,  Kans. ; 
Rev.  Hastings  H.  Hart,  New  York,  N.  Y.;  Rev.  Albert  W. 
Palmer,  Oakland,  Cal. ;  Mr.  John  G.  Jennings,  Cleveland,  Ohio; 
Mr.  J.  E.  Annis,  Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

The  purpose  of  the  Commission  is  to  serve  the  causes  of 
Industry,  Country  Life,  Social  Service,  Organized  Charity, 
Men's  Work,  and  Social  Purity. 

This  Commission  is  a  development  from  the  work  of  the 
Department  of  Labor  and  Social  Service  of  the  Congrega- 
tional Brotherhood  of  America  v^hich  it  has  incorporated. 
This  Department  grew  out  of  the  feeling  that  the  time  had 
come  for  action  on  the  vital  issues  of  our  time,  upon  which 
all  the  great  fellowships  of  American  churches  have  taken 
their  position. 

For  over  nine  years  the  Congregational  Churches,  through 
their  representative  bodies,  had  been  proposing  the  establish- 
ment of  a  department  dealing  with  industrial  conditions. 
The  need  was  keenly  felt,  the  practical  difficulty  being  that 
there  was  no  organization  to  become  responsible  for  such 
action. 

At  the  National  Council  held  in  Boston,  October,  1911, 
the  Congregational  Brotherhood  of  America  was  requested 
"to  assume  the  function  of  executive  agency  for  the  churches 
in  order  to  promote  the  study  and  knowledge  of  local  indus- 
trial conditions  and  relations,  to  enlist  them  and  their 
memberships  in  practical  efforts  for  the  improvement  of 
living  and  working  conditions  in  accordance  with  Christian 
principles."  It  was  also  voted  that  the  Brotherhood  be 
requested  to  appoint  a  Secretary  of  Labor  and  Social  Service, 
and  institute  such  other  means  as  may  be  employed  for  the 
effective  exercise  of  this  executive  function. 

The  Brotherhood  was  voted  the  endorsement  and  coopera- 


40    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

tion  of  all  the  churches  participating  in  the  action  of  their 
National  Council. 

The  new  Department  was  introduced  by  the  Moderator  of 
the  National  Council  in  the  following  terms: 

The  Congregational  Churches  by  their  democratic  constitu- 
tion, as  well  as  by  their  Christian  loyalty,  have  always  been  in 
closest  sympathy  with  human  and  social  situations.  In  move- 
ments for  the  betterment  of  society,  Congregationalism  has 
been  preeminent. 

The  minutes  of  National  Councils  are  usually  considered  dry 
reading,  but  those  of  the  Congregational  Churches  are  certainly 
inspiring,  for  they  have  to  do  not  only  with  the  vitalities  of 
our  faith,  but  with  the  needs  of  our  world.  The  first  Council 
in  Oberlin,  in  1871,  dealt  with  such  questions  as  "The  Unity 
of  the  Church,"  "The  Consolidation  of  the  Benevolent  Societies," 
"The  Recent  Treaty  with  Great  Britain,"  "Indian  Affairs  in 
Oregon,"  "Intemperance  and  Caste,"  and  every  Council  since 
then  has  demonstrated  the  warm  and  pulsing  heart-beat  of  our 
interest  in  the  amelioration  of  unjust  and  unrighteous  conditions, 
while  affording  the  evidence  of  our  united  prayers  for  the 
coming  day, 

That  man  to  man  the  warld  o'er 
Shall  brothers  be  for  a'  that. 

It  is  therefore  in  the  lines  of  our  denominational  tradition 
and  development,  that  beneath  the  urgency  of  new  occasions 
which  teach  new  duties,  we  should  emphasize  our  conviction, 
and  accentuate  our  definite  interest  in  the  present  social  and 
labor  situation,  when  ethics  as  well  as  economics  are  clamoring 
for  recognition,  sympathy,  and  acceptance  on  the  part  of  all 
right-minded,  not  to  say  Christian  people.  This  we  have  done 
by  asking  the  Brotherhood,  our  young,  virile,  and  growing 
fellowship,  to  be  for  our  denomination  representative,  inter- 
preter, and  inspirer.  It  means  a  new  recognition  of  the  study 
of  these  imperative  questions,  for  Congregationalism  has  slight 
respect  for  zeal  without  knowledge.  It  means  a  more  efficient 
participation  in  the  tragic  human  struggle,  enlisting  the  full 
weight  of  our  denominational  prestige  upon  the  side  of  sympathy, 
honor,  righteousness;  it  means  the  kindling  of  a  quicker,  hotter 
passion  within  our  own  communion  for  the  weal  of  humanity, 
and  the  setting  at  work  in  more  effective  relationships  of  the 
eternal  principles  of  our  gospel. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      41 

The  Department  adopted  for  its  industrial  platform  the 
declaration  of  principles  made  and  adopted  by  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America  in  1908,  and 
announced  as  its  functions: 

To  arouse  our  churches  to  a  sense  of  obligation  for  the 
best  community  interests; 

To  impress  the  importance  of  social  service; 

To  help  secure  more  perfect  justice  for  all  men; 

To  bring  about  a  closer  cooperation  of  our  churches 
with  the  other  agencies  and  organizations  which  are  working 
for  social  uplift; 

To  direct  the  awakened  social  spirit  into  lines  of  greater 
efficiency ; 

To  gather  information  as  to  what  needs  to  be  done,  as 
well  as  what  is  being  done,  by  our  churches  and  brother- 
hoods for  labor  and  social  service; 

To  bring  about  a  better  understanding  between  organized 
capital,  organized  labor  and  organized  religion; 

To  apply  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  to  the  industrial  needs 
of  our  day. 

First  among  the  declaration  of  principles  upon  which  our 
new  department  is  founded  is  this : 

We  stand  for  equal  rights  and  complete  justice  for  all 
men  in  all  stations  of  life. 

This  department  is  going  to  help  men  to  understand  each 
other  better;  the  employer  to  understand  the  employee;  the 
employee  to  understand  the  employer,  and  the  public  to  under- 
stand both.  It  is  going  to  help  all  three  find  a  basis  for 
working  out  justice  to  them  all — to  help  them  be  just  to 
each  other. 

We  are  seeking  to  realize  our  objective  by  the  following 
means : 

(i)  By  discussion  of  social  service  problems  in  public 
meetings. 

(2)  Through  literature  printed  and  distributed. 

(3)  Through  the  study  course  we  are  offering. 

(4)  By  the  utilization  of  our  speakers'  bureau. 

(5)  By  presentation  of  these  subjects  at  the  state  con- 
ferences of  our  churches. 


42    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

(6)  By  means  of  conventions  and  special  group  con- 
ferences. 

It  was  at  the  National  Council  of  1913  that  the  work  of 
the  Department  of  Labor  and  Social  Service  was  merged 
into  a  large  undertaking.  At  this  gathering  a  social  service 
commission  of  nine  members  was  added  to  the  denominational 
agencies,  to  promote  the  welfare  of  the  country  life  and 
church,  to  deal  with  city  problems  and  progress,  and  to 
improve  industrial  conditions  and  relations.  Toward  these 
ends  the  Congregational  Brotherhood  turned  over  its  national 
work  to  this  commission,  and  dropping  its  national  organiza- 
tion, decided  to  devote  its  energy  to  its  state  and  local 
brotherhoods.  Women  are  thus  made  eligible  to  participate 
in  the  direction  of  the  social  and  community  work  in  which 
they  have  always  borne  so  large  a  part. 

The  Rev.  H.  A.  Atkinson  is  the  executive  secretary  of  the 
Social  Service  Commission.  While  his  special  function  and 
that  of  the  Social  Service  Commission  will  be  to  inspire, 
inform,  rally,  and  deploy  Congregationalists  in  applying  the 
common  faith  to  the  improvement  of  the  social  conditions 
of  the  common  life,  yet  their  function  was  also  specified 
to  be  cooperation  with  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches 
of  Christ  in  America,  and  with  any  and  all  other  fellow- 
ships at  work  to  promote  that  righteousness,  peace,  and 
joy  in  which  the  "kingdom  of  the  Father"  consists. 

The  clear  conviction  of  the  denomination  finds  expression 
in  the  new  creed  adopted  at  Kansas  City: 

We  hold  it  to  be  the  mission  of  the  church  of  Christ  to 
proclaim  the  gospel  to  all  mankind,  exalting  the  worship  of 
the  one  true  God,  and  laboring  for  the  progress  of  knowledge, 
the  promotion  of  justice,  the  triumph  of  peace,  and  the  realiza- 
tion of  human  brotherhood.  Depending,  as  did  our  fathers,  upon 
the  continued  guidance  of  the  Holy  Spirit  to  lead  us  into  all 
truth,  we  work  and  pray  for  the  transformation  of  the  world 
into  the  kingdom  of  God;  and  we  look  with  faith  for  the 
triumph  of  righteousness  and  for  life  and  glory  everlasting. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  National  Council  at  New  Haven, 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      43 

October  20-27,  191 5,  the  Commission  reported  in  part  as 
follows : 

The  Commission  has  brought  facts  and  conditions  to  the 
attention  of  the  churches  and  pastors,  and  has  been  instru- 
mental in  working  out  plans  whereby  the  facts  gathered  and 
the  information  offered  have  been  made  available.  The  cor- 
respondence has  steadily  increased,  and  a  large  amount  of 
literature  has  been  published  and  distributed.  A  library 
file  has  been  made  in  which  has  been  collected  the  latest 
information  upon  the  principal  topics  of  social  service,  to- 
gether with  references  and  comments.  Thus  a  large  amount 
of  literature  has  been  accumulated.  The  demand  for  liter- 
ature and  guidance  in  the  matters  committed  to  our  care 
has  been  increasing  constantly.  To  meet  this  demand  hun- 
dreds of  letters  giving  detailed  programs  have  been  written, 
and  besides  we  have  published  and  distributed  thirty  different 
leaflets  and  pamphlets. 

A  series  of  stereopticon  lectures  have  been  made  and  are 
offered  for  the  use  of  our  churches;  and  a  speakers'  bureau 
contains  the  names  of  a  large  number  of  persons  who  are 
competent  to  speak  on  social  service  subjects  and  are  will- 
ing to  give  a  part  of  their  time  to  the  churches. 

Social  Service  Commissions  have  been  appointed  in  the 
following  states:  California,  Oregon,  Kansas,  Illinois, 
Michigan,  Ohio,  South  Dakota,  Connecticut,  New  York, 
Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Alabama,  and 
Oklahoma.  These  are  cooperating  with  the  national  Com- 
mission. Correspondence  has  been  undertaken  and  plans 
devised  whereby  commissions  will  be  formed  under  the 
direction  of  the  State  Conferences  of  the  remaining  states. 
With  a  commission  in  each  state  cooperating  wdth  the 
national  Commission  and  the  national  Commission  cooperat- 
ing through  the  Federal  Council  with  its  constituent  bodies, 
there  is  being  created  a  valuable  and  efficient  piece  of 
machinery. 

Secretarial  Visitation.  The  Secretary  has  responded  to 
calls  for  addresses  and  conferences  from  practically  every 
state  in  the  Union;  has  attended  eleven  state  conferences, 


44    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

a    large    number    of    local    associations,    and    several    inter- 
denominational gatherings. 

Investigations.  A  study  was  made  through  the  Secretary 
of  the  bitter  strike  of  the  miners  in  the  Michigan  copper 
country.  Report  of  this  study  was  sent  to  the  members  of 
the  Commission  and  was  printed  in  the  Congregationalist, 
as  well  as  a  number  of  labor  papers. 

The  Secretary  also  made  a  study  on  the  ground  of  the 
coal  miners'  strike  in  Colorado.  This  report  was  likewise 
submitted  to  the  Commission  and  after  the  findings  were 
authorized,  an  article  concerning  the  strike  was  printed  in 
the  Congregationalist  and  widely  commented  upon  through- 
out the  country.  The  reports  of  these  two  investigations 
were  combined  and  published  by  the  Federal  Council  of 
the  Churches  under  the  title  "The  Church  and  Industrial 
Warfare." 

Study  was  made  of  two  plants  where  profit-sharing  schemes 
are  in  operation,  A  pamphlet  is  in  the  process  of  prepara- 
tion and  will  be  issued  later  upon  this  important  subject. 

Study  was  made  of  rural  conditions  at  several  points  in 
the  South  and  in  three  townships  in  Wisconsin.  In  con- 
nection with  this  a  detailed  study  was  made  of  conditions 
among  the  Negroes  in  Memphis,  Savannah,  Mobile,  and 
New  Orleans. 

The  Secretary  served  on  a  committee  in  Boston  charged 
with  the  task  of  investigating  and  reporting  to  the  mayor 
on  the  burlesque  theaters,  also  on  a  committee  appointed 
by  the  Laymen's  Missionary  Movement  to  report  and  make 
available  for  the  churches  the  present  conditions  among 
the  immigrants  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts. 

A  study  was  made  of  the  report  of  the  Immigration 
Commission  of  Massachusetts;  the  pictures  used  in  this 
report  were  secured  from  the  Commission,  slides  made,  and 
a  lecture  prepared.  This  lecture  and  the  slides  have  been 
duplicated  and  are  now  being  used  by  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  the  Social  Service  Commission  of  the 
Unitarian  Churches,  as  well  as  the  Massachusetts  Federa- 
tion of  Churches. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      45 

At  the  request  of  the  Home  Missionary  Society  the 
Secretary  went  to  the  Coeur  d'Alene  district  in  northern 
Idaho  and  made  a  detailed  study  of  this  region,  where  for 
a  number  of  years  we  have  had  Congregational  churches, 
but  where,  owing  to  the  industrial  and  social  conditions,  the 
churches  have  not  been  successful.  The  preliminary  report 
of  this  situation  was  made  before  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  Home  Missionary  Society. 

Surveys.  A  community  study  was  made  of  the  parish  of 
the  Clinton  Avenue  Church,  Brooklyn,  under  the  direction 
of  the  Secretary  of  this  Commission. 

The  report  was  adopted,  and  by  vote  of  the  Council  the 
work  of  the  Social  Service  Commission  was  made  a  part 
of  the  newly  formed  Board  of  Education.  This  action  gives 
the  Commission  and  its  Secretary  a  central  place  in  the 
program  of  the  Church.  The  same  general  plans  and  program 
will  be  continued  and  the  office  will  remain  as  before  in  the 
Congregational  House,  14  Beacon  Street,  Boston. 

Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service 

On  December  3,  1907,  in  the  city  of  Washington,  the 
Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service  was  organized  by 
a  body  of  ministers  and  laymen  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

The  organizers  came  from  various  parts  of  the  country. 
The  conviction  had  for  years  been  taking  shape  in  the 
minds  of  many  that  the  Church  should  organize  for  this 
purpose.  This  spontaneous  conviction,  added  to  the  fact  that 
many  others  who  were  unable  to  attend  the  meeting  had 
made  known  their  hearty  interest  in  the  project,  was  favor- 
able to  the  belief  that  it  was  timely  and  providential.  The 
movement  was  a  response  also  to  a  demand  manifesting  itself 
in  various  ways  throughout  the  denomination. 

Before  the  General  Conference  of  1892  was  placed  a 
memorial  on  The  Church  and  Social  Problems — a  memorial 
prepared  with  great  care  by  a  committee  of  the  New  York 
East    Conference   and    adopted    by    that   body    with    deep    con- 


46    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

viction,  no  one  dissenting.  In  1896  a  similar  memorial  was 
presented  from  the  same  Conference.  To  successive  General 
Conferences  memorials  had  gone  up  from  various  sections 
of  the  church,  asking  for  some  strong  statement  upon  current 
social  questions.  At  Los  Angeles,  in  1904,  a  report  was 
presented  covering  certain  phases  of  the  subject,  but  no 
action  upon  it  was  secured. 

To  the  General  Conference  meeting  at  Baltimore,  in  1908, 
memorials  were  presented  from  several  Annual  Conferences; 
one  asked  that  a  Department  of  Church  and  Labor  be 
established  by  the  Board  of  Home  Missions,  another  that 
a  special  Secretary  of  Immigration  be  appointed,  a  third 
that  a  commission  be  formed  to  investigate  during  the 
coming  quadrennium  the  relation  of  the  church  to  these 
vital  questions  and  to  report  their  conclusions  to  the  next 
General  Conference.  To  these  was  added  one  from  the 
newly  organized  Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service, 
asking  recognition  and  setting  forth  its  aims. 

In  response  to  these  appeals  the  Committee  on  the  State 
of  the  Church  prepared  and  presented  to  the  General  Con- 
ference a  statement  which  was  unanimously  adopted  by 
that  body. 

This  utterance  will  have  permanent  historic  significance 
because  it  contained  the  Social  Creed  of  Methodism,  which 
has  since  been  expanded  by  joint  action  into  the  Social 
Creed  of  the  Churches. 

The  General  Conference  of  1908  also  recognized  the 
Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service,  directed  that  three 
bishops  should  be  appointed  to  its  Council,  and  assigned 
to  it  the  following  questions  for  investigation  and  report  to 
the  General  Conference  of  1912. 

What  principles  and  measures  of  social  reform  are  so  evidently 
righteous  and  Christian  as  to  demand  the  specific  approval  and 
support  of  the  church? 

How  can  the  agencies  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  be 
wisely  used  or  altered  with  a  view  to  promoting  the  principles 
and  measures  thus  approved? 

How  may  we  best  cooperate  in  this  behalf  with  other  Christian 
denominations  ? 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      47 

How  can  our  courses  of  ministerial  study  in  seminaries  and 
Conferences  be  modified  with  a  view  to  better  preparation  of 
our  preachers  for  efficiency  in  a  social  reform? 

These  questions  were  carefully  considered  during  the 
quadrennium  by  a  representative  committee,  the  results  of 
whose  labors  were  turned  over  to  the  Executive  Committee, 
which  drafted  the  final  answ^ers  and  submitted  its  report  to 
the  General  Conference  of  1912. 

This  report,  which  was  printed  in  the  Handbook,  and  so 
seen  by  every  delegate,  was  carefully  considered  by  the 
Committee  on  the  State  of  the  Church,  and  then  submitted 
to  the  General  Conference  with  the  recommendation  that  it 
be  adopted  as  its  declaration,  which  was  unanimously  done. 

This  statement  pledges  the  church  to  cooperate  in  the 
general  campaigns  for  Child  Welfare,  Public  Health,  Social 
Purity,  Organized  Recreation,  Industrial  Safety,  a  Living 
Wage,  and  International  Peace ;  also  in  the  movements 
against  Poverty,  Overwork,  and  Crime,  and  to  civic  action 
to  eflfect  all  these  purposes.  It  also  binds  the  church  un- 
ceasingly to  labor  for  the  realization  of  social  justice,  the 
democratic  control  of  industry,  and  the  conscious  control  of 
social  progress.  It  becomes  the  official  platform  and  program 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  the  field  of  social 
action,  and  the  Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service  is 
declared  to  be  the  executive  agency  to  rally  the  forces  of 
the  church  in  support  of  the  measures  thus  approved. 

In  acceptance  of  this  commission  the  Federation  enlarged 
its  work  and  put  into  the  field  as  secretary  the  Rev.  Harry 
F.  Ward,  part  of  whose  time  it  had  previously  engaged. 

The  development  of  the  work  has  been  in  educational  and 
inspirational  activities.  With  the  slogan,  "A  community 
ministry  for  every  church,"  the  churches  have  been  called 
upon  to  develop  an  immediate  program  in  relation  to  the 
needs  of  childhood,  to  the  care  of  the  poor,  the  sick,  the 
prisoner,  and  the  prevention  of  poverty,  disease,  and  vice, 
and  for  the  improvement  of  industrial  conditions.  Several 
books  and  a  large  number  of  pamphlets  have  been  issued, 
and  as  many  as  50,000  pieces  of  printed  matter  effectively 


48    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

distributed  in  one  year.  A  Social  Service  Bulletin  is  issued 
bi-monthly,  reaching  regularly  3,000  individuals.  An  infor- 
mation bureau  places  at  the  service  of  the  churches  informa- 
tion concerning  principles  and  methods  gathered  from  every 
possible  source.  Social  Service  programs  have  been  developed 
for  the  Brotherhood,  the  Epworth  League,  the  Sunday-school, 
women's  societies,  and  Adult  Bible  Classes.  Attention  has 
been  given  to  the  development  of  social  service  interest  in 
colleges  and  theological  schools.  A  press  service  for  the 
denominational  papers  has  been  carried  on. 

Special  emphasis  has  been  given  to  campaigns  of  social 
evangelism  in  order  to:  expound  the  principles  of  social 
Christianity;  arouse  the  spirit  of  social  service;  suggest 
church  activities  for  community  welfare;  interpret  the  gospel 
to  industrial  workers.  The  Secretary  addresses  many  meet- 
ings each  year,  reaching  all  types  of  communities  and  many 
different  groups,  within  and  outside  the  church.  The  large 
amount  of  publicity  secured  in  the  daily  press  and  in  the 
labor  papers  has  carried  the  social  principles  and  standards 
of  the  church  to  thousands  of  people.  Students  of  colleges, 
theological  schools,  and  normal  and  high  schools  have  also 
been  addressed.  In  every  community  visited  the  attempt  has 
been  made  to  leave  behind  some  practical  result,  to  focus  the 
attention  and  action  of  the  church  group,  and,  wherever 
possible,  of  a  group  representing  different  organizations, 
upon  some  one  social  need.  Some  definite  piece  of  com- 
munity service  has  usually  resulted.  This  work  is  being 
multiplied  through  the  building  up  of  a  strong  list  of  speakers 
available  in  various  states,  to  present  the  different  aspects 
of  social  service. 

Social  Service  Commissions  are  being  organized  in  the 
various  Annual  Conferences,  over  fifty  now  being  in  exist- 
ence. One  of  these  now  employs  a  field  secretary,  another 
puts  in  the  field  an  industrial  evangelist,  and  others  undoubt- 
edly will  follow  this  method.  These  commissions,  in  some 
notable  instances,  also  promote  the  socializing  of  local 
churches  by  presenting  to  the  Annual  Conference  reports 
and  exhibits  of  the  work  of  churches  with  a  successful  com- 
munity ministry. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      49 

The  national  gathering  of  Methodist  Men  called  by  the 
Laymen's  Missionary  Movement  in  November,  1914,  em- 
braced social  service  as  one  of  the  great  activities  of  the 
church,  and  announced  the  redemption  of  society  as  a  part 
of  its  objective,  thus  indicating  the  first  general  acceptance 
of  the  movement.  The  social  service  program  has  since 
gradually  become  interwoven  into  the  various  activities  of 
the  different  denominational  agencies  and  is  molding  the 
life  of  the  church.  During  the  past  year  particularly  the 
social  service  propaganda  has  found  a  larger  place  in  the 
educational  machinery  of  the  denomination,  and  is  deeply 
affecting  the  young  people's  societies,  the  Sunday-school,  and 
the  missionary  movement.  A  definite  program  of  cooperation 
has  been  worked  out  between  the  Federation  and  a  number 
of  missionary  agencies,  particularly  with  the  Laymen's  Mis- 
sionary Movement,  which  secured  for  its  series  of  national 
conventions  for  1915-16  the  services  of  the  Secretary  to 
present  the  cause  of  Social  Service. 

The  following  summarized  report  of  the  Federation  for 
19 1 5  indicates  the  progress  of  the  movement  within  the 
denomination :  • 

A  larger  proportion  of  meetings  for  the  year  have  reached 
groups  of  leaders,  and  the  call  for  more  speakers  than  we  can 
supply  indicates  the  need  of  more  men  in  the  field.  Much  time 
and  effort  has  been  given  to  the  New  England  and  Ohio  Conven- 
tions of  Methodist  Men,  for  both  of  which  survey  material 
concerning  Church  Efficiency  and  Community  Service  was  pre- 
pared. New  ground  was  broken  in  presenting  this  material  by 
lantern  slides. 

The  three  local  field  secretaries  working  under  the  direction 
of  the  Federation— the  Revs.  E.  Guy  Talbott,  O.  H.  McGill,  and 
Herbert  N.  Shenton — reported  many  addresses  for  churches  of 
all    denominations    and    groups    outside    the    church;    series    of 
lectures    and    classes    in    social    service ;    work    for    state    social 
legislation;    articles    contributed    to    church    and    labor    press 
stimulation    of    social    preaching    by    ministers    in    their    fields 
exhibits    prepared    and    shown    at    many    points    in    their    field 
classes  in  the   study  of   immigration;   guidance   in   the   working 
out   of    community   programs;    distribution    of    many    pieces    of 
printed  matter  and  replies  to  many  inquiries;  mills  and  timber 


50    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

and  coal  camps  visited  and  employment  found  for  some  men; 
calling  at  homes  of  sick  and  unemployed  working  men;  isolated 
communities  visited  where  all  groups  have  been  addressed, 
including  school  children;  and  assistance  in  the  organization  of 
several  cooperative  shingle  mills. 

About  thirty  general  articles  have  been  supplied  to  Methodist 
publications,  including  a  series  on  the  Colorado  coal  strike. 
*'The  Social  Interpretation  of  the  Lesson"  has  been  furnished 
each  week  for  the  Sunday  School  Journal,  and  a  regular  depart- 
ment of  two  or  three  pages  carried  on  in  the  Adult  Bible  Class 
Monthly.  Two  books  have  been  published,  one,  Poverty  and 
Wealth,  2l  study  course  in  the  Graded  Lesson  Series  for  Adult 
Bible  Classes;  and  the  other,  Social  Evangelism,  published  by 
the  Missionary  Education  Movement.  Reading  Lists  have  been 
prepared  for  the  catalog  of  the  Book  Concern  and  for  the 
Massachusetts   General  Theological   Librar>'. 

Two  seminar  courses  have  been  added  to  the  two  already 
given  in  the  Social  Service  Department  of  the  Boston  University 
School  of  Theology,  one  on  the  Rural  Church  and  one  on 
Industrial  Evangelism.  Some  practical  results  of  work  done  in 
the  classroom  are  already  beginning  to  appear  in  pastorates.  A 
course  of  eight  lectures  was  given  in  Ford  Hall,  Boston,  dealing, 
with  the  Labor  Problem-,  arranged  jointly  by  ministers,  business 
men,  and  the  labor  group,  reaching  a  widely  varied  audience,  at 
the  close  of  which  a  resolution  of  thanks  to  the  school  was 
offered  by  the  Industrial  Workers  of  the  World  group  and 
seconded  by  men  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor. 

Much  time  and  effort  has  been  spent  in  an  endeavor  to  adjust 
the  relations  between  the  Allied  Printing  Trades  and  our 
Western  Publishing  House.  At  our  request  last  year  the  organ- 
ization of  another  national  attack  upon  the  church  was  postponed 
until  our  negotiations  could  be  carried  further. 

The  response  to  our  activities  indicates  the  continued  need  for 
both  practical  guidance  of  community  service  activities  on  the 
part  of  the  church  and  also  for  an  aggressive  educational 
propaganda  of  the  social  principles  of  the  gospel.  The  Executive 
Committee  has  at  various  times  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
community  service  part  of  our  work  naturally  belongs  to  the 
Board  of  Home  Missions  and  should  be  carried  on  by  it  under  a 
thorough  scheme  of  departmental  organization.  The  inspira- 
tional and  educational  campaign  for  the  Christianizing  of  the 
social  order  is  distinctly  the  function  of  an  organization  which 
is  not  a  collector  and  distributor  of  funds.     The  present  world 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      51 

crisis  makes  imperative  the  demand  for  a  better  organized 
propaganda  of  education  for  the  organization  of  life  around 
the  principles  of  the  gospel. 

Department  of   Social   Service  and  Immigration, 

Presbyterian  Board  of  Home  Missions 

J.  E.  McAfee,  Secretary 

NoTE'— This  work  was  originally  organized  as  the  Department  of  Church  and 
Labor. 

On  April  i,  1903,  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the 
Presbyterian  General  Assembly  established  a  "working  men's 
department"  which  later  became  known  as  "The  Department 
of  Church  and  Labor."  The  General  Assembly  of  1910 
instructed  the  Board  to  establish  a  "Bureau  of  Social 
Service,"  into  which  the  Department  of  Church  and  Labor 
was  merged.  The  General  Assembly  had  previously  appointed 
a  committee  of  five  ministers  and  five  elders  to  give  an 
expression  "of  the  thought  and  purpose  of  our  church  regard- 
ing the  great  moral  questions  arising  out  of  the  industrial 
and  commercial  life  of  the  people,"  and  instructed  it  to 
consider  "besides  other  things,  the  application  of  the  gospel 
to  the  acquisition  and  use  of  wealth,  to  the  relation  between 
the  employers  and  the  employed,  and  between  capital  and 
labor,  and  to  the  existence  of  unnecessary  poverty  in  a  land 
where  there  is  more  than  enough  for  all." 

The  report  of  this  committee,  submitted  to  the  General 
Assembly  of  191 1,  was  unanimously  adopted,  and  may  be 
found  in  a  pamphlet  entitled  "What  the  Presbyterian  Church 
Believes  about  Social  Problems,"  published  by  the  Board  of 
Publication  and  Sabbath-School  Work.  This  document  is 
the  basis  of  much  of  the  work  conducted  by  the  Bureau  of 
Social   Service. 

Its  recommendations  are  as  follows: 

I.  That  the  General  Assembly  hereby  urge  the  ministers 
of  the  church  to  recognize  and  fulfil  the  obligations  resting 
upon  them  as  ministers  of  Jesus  Christ,  with  respect  to  the 
social  application  of  his  gospel;  and  to  this  end  it  urges 
them — 

(i)     To  inform  themselves  carefully  regarding  the  condi- 


52    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

tions  of  human  life  in  their  own  neighborhoods,  particularly 
as  these  are  affected  by  the  conditions  of  industry. 

(2)  To  acquaint  their  congregations  with  these  facts. 

(3)  To  instruct  their  congregations  in  the  teachings  of 
the  gospel  regarding  social  service. 

(4)  To  cooperate  in  every  effort  for  the  attainment  of 
the  ends  for  which  our  Church  has  declared  itself. 

2.  That  the  General  Assembly  hereby  request  all  who 
have  charge  of  schools  and  colleges  to  make  ample  provi- 
sion for  instruction  regarding  the  Christian  ideal  of  society; 
and,  further,  that  it  request  the  governing  bodies  and  faculties 
of  theological  seminaries  to  provide  that  the  students  in 
their  care  be  taught  the  social  principles  of  the  gospel,  and 
trained  in  methods  of  applying  these  principles  to  the  needs 
of  the  localities  in  which  they  shall  be  called  to  minister. 

3.  That  the  General  Assembly  hereby  urge  all  the  mem- 
bers of  our  churches  to  give  serious  study  to  social  problems, 
and  to  avail  themselves  of  their  opportunities  for  social 
service;  to  bring  the  sense  of  justice  and  righteousness  which 
is  fundamental  in  Christianity  to  bear  upon  matters  of  every- 
day life,  in  business,  in  society,  or  wherever  their  influence 
may  extend,  and  to  create  a  Christian  public  sentiment 
demanding  the  removal  of  wrong  wherever  found. 

4.  That  the  General  Assembly  appoint  a  Bureau  of  Social 
Service,  composed  of  ministers  and  elders,  to  serve  without 
salary,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  cooperate  with  similar 
organizations  of  other  churches,  to  study  social  conditions 
as  they  are  related  to  the  progress  of  the  kingdom  of  God,  to 
suggest  to  the  church  practical  ways  of  realizing  the  social 
ideals  of  the  gospel,  and  to  report  annually  to  the  General 
Assembly  regarding  its  work;  that  to  this  committee  there 
be  given  also  the  duties  now  performed  by  other  agencies 
of  the  church  which  deal  with  social  and  moral  questions, 
such  as  the  Permanent  Com.mittees  on  Temperance  and  on 
Sabbath  Observance,  and  the  Department  of  Church  and 
Labor  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions,  so  that  the  whole 
matter  of  social  righteousness  may  be  treated  in  its  entirety 
by  an  agency  of  the  church. 

The  final  action  of  the  General  Assembly  provided  for  the 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      53 

organization  of  this  Bureau  of  Social  Service  under  the 
Board  of  Home  Missions,  except  as  to  a  separate  Commis- 
sion as  proposed  above.  The  General  Assembly  of  1914 
effected  a  more  sweeping  reorganization  of  the  Board's 
work,  and  placed  the  social  service  in  the  same  department 
with  the  country  church  work  and  the  work  among  immigrant 
groups.  This  department  has  also  other  administrative  func- 
tions. Presbyterian  social  service  took  a  unique  position  in 
the  religious  life  of  the  country  under  the  influence  of  the 
peculiar  antecedents,  training,  and  personality  of  Charles 
Stelzle,  who  first  organized  the  work  and  was  at  the  head 
of  the  Church  and  Labor  Department  and  later  of  the  Bureau 
of  Social  Service  for  ten  years.  He  particularly  put  the 
emphasis  of  social  service  upon  the  industrial  question.  The 
emphasis  has  fallen  here  also  in  most  of  the  social  service 
plans  projected  later  by  the  other  denominations.  Upon 
the  withdrawal  of  Mr.  Stelzle  from  the  force  of  the  Presby- 
terian Board  in  1912,  the  social  propaganda  was  necessarily 
modified.  No  one  has  been  found  to  succeed  him  so  inti- 
mately and  vitally  related  to  both  the  church  and  the  organ- 
ized labor  movement  in  the  country. 

The  more  recent  development  of  Presbyterian  social  service 
has  tended  to  magnify  practical  method  in  the  outreach  of 
a  local  church  to  community  needs.  This  has  been  par- 
ticularly true  in  the  field  of  the  country  church,  and  in  the 
treatment  of  foreign  racial  colonies  and  groups.  This 
emphasis  is  the  more  magnified  by  the  unique  organization 
of  Presbyterian  social  service.  The  national  propaganda 
has  from  the  first  been  organized  under  the  historic  adminis- 
trative agency,  the  Board  of  Home  Missions,  whereas,  the 
social  propaganda  in  other  denominations  has  usually,  if  not 
invariably,  been  placed  under  the  direction  of  an  independent 
board,  society,  or  commission. 

Highly  developed  methods  for  the  country  church  and  for 
immigrant  work  have  been  developed  by  the  Presbyterian 
Home  Board  under  the  leadership  of  the  Rev.  Warren  H. 
Wilson  and  the  Rev.  W.  P.  Shriver,  respectively.  For  a 
time,  these  branches  were  organized  as  separate  departments 
of  the  Board's  work,   but  Avith  the  reorganization  in   1914 


54    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

they  were  associated  with  other  branches  of  the  work  in 
general  administrative  departments. 

During  the  period  when  the  Bureau  of  Social  Service  was 
in  existence  numerous  other  activities  besides  those  men- 
tioned above  were  successfully  carried  out  by  Mr.  Stelzle, 
brief  mention  of  which  is  made  in  the  paragraphs  following. 
In  the  directions  noted  the  Board's  present  program  has  been 
greatly  modified,  or  the  activities  have  been  entirely  dis- 
continued where  they  were  so  indissolubly  joined  with  Mr. 
Stelzle's  personality  as  to  make  that  course  necessary. 

In  the  field  of  labor  the  Bureau  has  established  ''Labor 
Sunday,"  which  is  now  observed  by  practically  every  Prot- 
estant denomination  throughout  the  United  States,  and 
which  has  since  received  the  unanimous  endorsement  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor.  It  inaugurated  the  plan  of 
the  exchange  of  fraternal  delegates  between  ministers'  asso- 
ciations and  central  labor  unions,  which  is  now  in  operation 
in  numerous  cities.  In  many  cases  these  ministers  are 
serving  as  chaplains  to  organized  labor,  regularly  opening 
and  closing  the  meetings  of  the  central  labor  unions  with 
prayer. 

The  Bureau  originated  the  plan  of  sending  ministerial 
delegates  to  the  annual  conventions  of  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor,  which  was  an  accepted  plan  for  several  years. 

The  Bureau  furnished  during  a  number  of  years  each  week 
an  article  for  the  labor  press  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  syndicating  it  to  250  weekly  papers  and  100 
monthlies.  In  this  manner  the  Bureau  distributed  more 
literature  for  working  men  than  is  printed  by  all  the  tract 
societies  in  the  United  States  combined,  of  which  there  are 
something  like  sixty.  The  result  of  this  wide  and  effective 
propaganda  was  a  complete  change  in  the  attitude  of  the 
labor  press,  the  labor  leaders,  and  working  men  in  general, 
toward  the  church.  The  radical  articles  against  the  church 
which  formerly  appeared  in  the  labor  papers  are  now  very 
rarely  printed. 

Great  working  men's  mass  meetings  were  conducted  by 
the  Bureau  on  almost  every  Sunday  afternoon  during  the 
winter  seasons.    The  express  purpose  of  these  meetings  was 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      55 

to  present  to  working  men  the  claims  of  Jesus  and  of  his 
church  upon  the  toilers.  It  would  be  safe  to  say  that 
500,000  working  men  have  attended  the  popular  meetings 
during  the  ten  years  that  this  work  was  carried  on.  Im- 
portant shop-meeting  campaigns  were  conducted.  Qne  year, 
during  a  period  of  sixty  days,  in  six  cities,  500  ministers 
were  enlisted  in  these  campaigns,  400  shops  were  entered  at 
the  noon  hour,  1,000  different  meetings  were  held  and 
250,000  working  people  were  addressed.  During  the  same 
year  a  simultaneous  shop  campaign  was  conducted  through- 
out the  entire  country,  the  Bureau  furnishing  the  plans 
and  literature  and  giving  general  direction  from  the  office  to 
the  ministers  and  laymen  who  managed  these  campaigns  in 
their  own  towns  and  cities.  The  Bureau  developed  for  the 
churches  in  industrial  centers  "industrial  parishes,"  each 
church  becoming  responsible  for  a  particular  shop,  just  as  a 
church  would  become  responsible  for  a  certain  mission 
field,  with  the  difference,  however,  that  the  church  not  only 
supports  the  work  in  the  "industrial  parish"  financially,  but 
actually  does  the  work  through  its  minister  and  those  who 
assist  him. 

In  Massey  Hall,  Toronto,  during  a  national  convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  the  Bureau  conducted 
a  temperance  meeting  which  was  attended  by  4,000  working 
people.  Conferences  at  which  capital  and  labor  were  repre- 
sented and  the  labor  question  frankly  discussed  from  both 
sides  have  been  conducted  in  various  parts  of  the  country. 

At  all  times  the  effort  in  this  social  work  has  been  to  place 
the  religious  emphasis  upon  social  service  and  the  social 
emphasis  upon  religious  work;  to  increase  the  efficiency  of 
the  churches  and  adapt  their  ministry  to  the  social  needs  and 
conditions  of  their  immediate  communities.  Under  the 
leadership  of  Mr.  Stelzle,  particularly,  cordial  relations  were 
established  between  church  and  labor,  not  alone  in  the  name 
of  the  Presbyterian  denomination,  but  in  the  interests  of  all 
evangelical  forces  in  America.  The  character  of  much 
activity  was  revealed  in  the  campaign  of  the  IVIen  and 
Religion  Movement,  in  whose  executive  administration  Mr. 
Stelzle  was  prominent.    Through  that  medium,  and  in  many 


56    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

ways  otherwise,  public  agencies  were  inspired  to  take  hold 
of  and  meet  more  effectively  the  social  and  moral  needs  of 
the  people  in  communities  all  over  the  land. 

At  certain  periods  great  emphasis  has  been  laid  upon 
survey  work,  which  not  only  investigates  conditions  but 
makes  specific  recommendations  with  regard  to  methods 
needed  to  meet  these  conditions.  In  this  field  the  Board  has 
served  numerous  interdenominational  and  civic  interests  in 
the  study  of  social-religious  problems  in  smaller  and  larger 
communities.  The  more  recent  effort  in  survey,  especially 
recognizing  the  rapidly  enlarging  facilities  for  such  work 
under  public  and  general  social  agencies,  has  been  turned 
toward  such  studies  as  will  serve  a  particular  congregation 
in  the  immediate  grapple  with  its  task.  Much  survey  work 
is  still  done  especially  in  rural  fields  and  among  immigrant 
groups,  but  only  such  is  undertaken  as  will  serve  to  make 
intelligent  the  application  of  practical  plans  through  church 
agencies.  The  field  of  social  service  was  very  limitedly 
occupied  when  the  social  work  in  the  Presbyterian  Church 
was  inaugurated,  and  the  Presbyterian  Board's  forces 
pioneered  in  many  fields  where  now  the  survey  method  has 
been  widely  adopted  and  carried  forward  with  zeal  and 
scientific  thoroughness  by  numerous  public  and  semi-public 
agencies. 

A  distinctive  contribution  in  the  city  field  has  been  Labor 
Temple,  organized  by  Mr.  Stelzle,  and  located  at  Second 
Avenue  and  Fourteenth  Street,  in  New  York.  The  work 
is  maintained  in  a  historic  Presbyterian  church  located 
at  that  point,  and  though  for  several  years  no  formal  church 
organization  was  attempted,  there  has  now  developed  a 
church  with  an  initial  membership  of  five  hundred,  rapidly 
increasing.  This  institution  is  now  a  well-established  enter- 
prise of  the  Presbytery  of  New  York,  and  is  under  the 
superintendency  of  the  Rev.  Jonathan  C.  Day. 

Further  extensions  of  the  social  service  program  of  the 
Board  are  now  in  process,  new  plans  aiming  at  a  wider 
dissemination  of  social  evangelism,  the  completer  organiza- 
tion of  field  work,  so  that  the  social  message  and  spirit  may 
be  more  widely  disseminated  among  churches  of  all  grades 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      57 

and  types,  so  that  standards  and  methods  of  survey  may  be 
made  available  for  the  independent  use  of  churches  in  fields 
of  every  description,  and  so  that  a  lay  and  ordained  leader- 
ship, socially  inspired  and  trained,  may  be  available  for  the 
operation  of  the  increasingly  complicated  equipment  and 
programs  now  being  adopted  in  churches  of  the  open  country 
and  in  congested  city  centers. 

This  social  activity  is  interwoven  with  the  whole  adminis- 
tration of  home  missions  through  the  Presbyterian  Board, 
and  while  certain  features  of  its  work  are,  and  will  be, 
distinctly  classified  as  social  service,  the  tendency  is  to  infuse 
the  whole  enterprise  of  church  extension  with  the  social 
spirit  and  adapt  the  social  method  to  it,  through  this  historic 
denominational  agency. 

Joint  Commission  on  Social  Service  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church 

The  first  organized  efifort  at  social  service  in  the  Epis- 
copal Church  was  the  formation  in  1887  of  the  Church 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  the  Interests  of  Labor, 
commonly  known  as  "C.  A.  I.  L."  This  organization  was 
due  to  the  efforts  of  nine  clergymen  of  New  York  City 
aided  by  the  influence  of  Bishops  Potter  and  Huntington. 
It  was  quite  fitting  that  the  organization  should  devote  itself 
to  what  was  at  that  time  the  most  insistent  phase  of  the 
social  problem — the  relations  between  capital  and  labor.  The 
organization  was  designed  to  work  on  a  national  scale  and 
numbers  among  its  vice-presidents  the  bishops  of  many 
dioceses.  Being  an  unofficial  body  it  was  able  to  do  pioneer 
work  at  a  time  when  the  church  as  a  whole  was  not  ready 
to  take  official  action  with  relation  to  the  social  problem. 
Its  efforts  have  resulted  in  various  measures  looking  to  the 
improvement  of  conditions  for  working  people.  The  story 
of  the  agitation  which  led  to  the  organization  of  "C.  A.  I.  L." 
and  of  its  achievements  is  told  in  Miss  Keyser's  interesting 
little  book.  Bishop  Potter,  the  People's  Friend  (Whittaker. 
1910),  which  contains  a  statement  of  the  principles  formu- 
lated as  a  basis  of  work  for  the  Association. 


58    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

The  present  efforts  of  the  organization  are  confined  largely 
to  the  local  field  of  the  City  and  Diocese  of  New  York. 

The  next  effort  on  the  part  of  members  of  the  church  in 
the  field  of  social  service  was  the  organization  in  1891  of 
the  Christian  Social  Union — an  American  counterpart  of  the 
original  English  body.  This  was  designed  primarily  for 
propagandist  purposes  on  a  national  scale.  It  deserves  credit 
for  having  been  perhaps  the  earliest  organization  of  any 
Christian  body  in  this  country  to  give  definite  and  con- 
secutive attention  to  the  social  problem  in  its  various  phases. 
It  developed  a  considerable  literature,  comprising  some  sixty- 
odd  pamphlets  which  have  been  most  useful  in  disseminating 
among  the  clergy  and  laity  of  the  church  ideas  of  social 
reform.  For  a  few  years,  ending  in  1907,  the  Union  was 
affiliated  with  the  Church  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  the  Interests  of  Labor.  Latterly  it  has  been  largely 
instrumental  in  promoting  the  organization  of  the  diocesan 
social  service  commissions  discussed  below.  In  fact,  these 
commissions  may  perhaps  with  justice  be  said  to  owe  their 
origin  to  the  Union's  activity.  To  the  agitation  begun  by  the 
Christian  Social  Union  and  the  Church  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  the  Interests  of  Labor  was  also  largely  due 
the  creation  in  1901  of  the  Joint  Commission  on  the  Relations 
of  Capital  and  Labor,  and  in  1910  of  the  Joint  Commission 
on  Social  Service.  Though  the  Union  was  never  able, 
from  lack  of  adequate  resources,  to  carry  on  any  organized 
social  work,  or  to  formulate  any  elaborate  social  program, 
it  prepared  the  way  for  such  organization  and  pronounce- 
ment by  inspiring  members  of  the  Episcopal  Church  with  a 
definite  interest  in  social  effort.  Having  served  the  purpose 
for  which  it  was  organized,  the  Union  decided,  by  refer- 
endum vote  of  its  members  in  December,  191 1,  to  disband 
and  hand  over  its  work  to  the  official  agency  of  the  Church — 
the  present  Commission. 

Meantime  the  movement  was  under  way  in  various 
dioceses  to  relate  themselves  to  the  social  problem  as 
presented  in  their  respective  fields.  Beginning  in  1903  with 
the  appointment  of  the  Social  Service  Commission  of  the 
Diocese  of  Long  Island,  the  list  of  such  commissions  has 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      59 

steadily  increased  until  there  arc  now  sixty  recognized 
diocesan  social  service  commissions,  appointed  either  under 
diocesan  canon  or  under  resolution  by  the  bishop,  and 
charged  with  the  functions  of  investigating  social  condi- 
tions in  their  respective  territories  and  of  taking  measures 
for  the  promotion  of  social  reform  in  cooperation  with  other 
social  agencies  throughout  the  diocese.  The  achievement 
of  these  various  diocesan  commissions  has  been  considerable. 
An  examination  of  a  special  table  printed  in  one  of  the 
Joint  Commission's  pamphlets,  "Social  Service  for  Diocesan 
Commissions,"  shows  that  these  commissions  have  been  active 
in  agitation  not  only  for  state  legislation  but  for  local  and 
state-wide  voluntary  effort  in  the  field  of  social  service. 
Various  municipal  and  state  institutions  have  found  support 
from  these  commissions.  In  short,  the  diocesan  commissions 
in  general  have  stood,  so  far  as  possible,  for  rational  move- 
ments directed  toward  social  reform.  There  are  at  present 
about  eighty  such  commissions. 

Since  the  General  Convention  of  1913  there  have  also  been 
appointed  social  service  boards  or  commissions  for  each  of 
the  eight  Provinces  (formerly  Missionary  Departments), 
each  including  from  six  to  twelve  dioceses  and  missionary 
districts.  These  Provincial  agencies  work  in  cooperation 
both  with  the  diocesan  commissions  just  noted  and  with  the 
Joint  Commission  on  Social  Service  mentioned  below. 

All  these  movements  represent  steps  leading  toward  the 
creation  of  the  present  Joint  Commission  on  Social  Service. 
The  title  "Joint  Commission"  is  intended  to  indicate  that 
the  membership  of  such  a  commission  is  drawn  from  the 
two  houses  which  constitute  the  General  Convention — the 
House  of  Bishops  and  the  House  of  Deputies  (including 
clerical  and  lay  delegates).  That  Commission,  however, 
was  preceded  by  the  former  Joint  Commission  on  the  Rela- 
tions between  Capital  and  Labor,  originally  appointed  by 
General  Convention  in  1901,  and  reappointed  in  1904  and 
1907.  This  Commission  made  no  attempt  to  organize  the 
church  for  social  service;  it  contented  itself  with  reports 
to  General  Convention,  which  contain  some  specific  recom- 
mendations for  organized  action,  but  which  are  interesting 


60    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

chiefly  as  milestones  in  the  church's  progress  in  this  field 
of  effort.  It  was  in  accordance  with  a  resolution  appended 
to  the  triennial  report  of  this  Commission  at  Cincinnati  in 
1910  that  the  Commission  was  discharged  to  give  place  to 
another  Joint  Commission  whose  scope  should  include  the 
entire  field  of  the  social  problem — not  merely  one  phase  of 
it — and  whose  activity  should  not  be  limited  to  the  writing 
of  recommendations.  The  work  of  this  Commission  was 
outlined  by  the  resolution  in  the  following  terms : 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  this  Commission  to  study  and  report 
upon  social  and  industrial  conditions;  to  coordinate  the  activi- 
ties of  the  various  organizations  existing  in  the  church  in  the 
interests  of  social  service;  to  cooperate  with  similar  bodies  in 
other  communions;  to  encourage  sympathetic  relations  between 
capital  and  labor;  and  to  deal  according  to  their  discretion  with 
these  kindred  matters. — Resolution  of  General  Convention,  1913. 

During  its  first  year  the  Commission  was  dependent  on 
volunteer  effort.  The  necessity  was  seen  of  securing  the 
services  of  a  secretary  who  could  give  his  direct  attention 
to  the  task.  An  arrangement  was  accordingly  made  whereby 
from  October  i,  191 1,  to  October  i,  1912,  the  Rev.  Frank 
Monroe  Crouch  as  field  secretary  gave  half  of  his  time,  and 
since  the  latter  date  has  given  his  whole  effort,  t©  the  Com- 
mission's work.  An  office  was  opened  on  October  i,  19 12, 
in  the  Church  Missions  House  in  New  York,  the  organization 
of  which  is  now  well  under  way  with  the  aid  of  two  assistants. 
During  the  past  three  years  an  extensive  correspondence  has 
been  developed:  the  Commission  is  in  communication  with 
several  hundred  ministers  and  lay  workers  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  and  a  growing  number  of  workers  of  other  commun- 
ions and  of  secular  social  and  educational  agencies  in  addition. 

The  Commission's  work,  however,  has  not  been  limited  to 
the  organization  of  an  office.  During  the  same  period  the 
executive  secretary  has  traveled  a  total  of  some  50,000  miles 
on  the  Commission's  business,  diocesan  and  Provincial,  ad- 
vising with  representatives  of  diocesan  and  Provincial  social 
commissions  and  making  numerous  addresses  at  parish  meet- 
ings, diocesan  conventions,  Provincial  synods,  before  theo- 
logical schools,  and  in  other  directions. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      61 

The  aim  of  the  Joint  Commission's  work  has  been  twofold. 
It  has  attempted  (i)  to  educate  and  (2)  to  organize  the 
Episcopal  Church  in  parish,  diocese,  and  Province  for  effec- 
tive social  action  in  cooperation  with  social  agencies  of 
other  communions  and  with  secular  agencies — city,  state, 
and  national — of  social  and  moral  reform.  By  way  of  educa- 
tion of  its  constituents,  the  Commission  has  published  since 
its  appointment  in  1910  upwards  of  a  score  of  pieces  of  litera- 
ture, which  are  listed  in  Chapter  III  (pp.  109,  no).  It  has 
also  prepared  a  traveling  exhibit  consisting  of  thirty-odd 
charts,  originally  displayed  at  the  General  Convention  of 
19 1 3  and  put  on  view  since  then  at  parish  exhibits,  diocesan 
conventions,  Provincial  synods,  as  well  as  at  interdenomina- 
tional gatherings.  A  part  of  this  exhibit  was  reproduced  for 
display  at  the  Panama  Pacific  Exposition,  where  it  was 
awarded  a  bronze  medal.  During  the  General  Convention  of 
1913  it  held  further  a  "social  service  week,"  the  program 
consisting  of  a  mass  meeting,  a  series  of  conferences  on 
aspects  of  the  social  problem,  the  exhibit  above  mentioned, 
sermons  on  social  topics  in  local  pulpits  by  visiting  clergy, 
and  visits  to  local  social  agencies.  The  Commission  has  also 
arranged  a  correspondence  course  in  ten  lessons  for  the  use 
of  the  General  Board  of  Religious  Education  of  the  Epis- 
copal Church. 

The  work  of  organization  has  centered  upon  the  threefold 
divisions  already  indicated — parish,  diocesan,  Provincial. 
The  Joint  Commission  has  since  its  appointment  formulated 
general  principles  of  social  service  to  be  applied  by  the 
various  church  agencies  above  noted  to  the  particular  con- 
ditions and  needs  of  their  respective  localities.  Several  of 
these  statements  of  principles  and  methods  are  contained  in 
Chapter  I\'  (pp.  134-182).  Its  effort  has  been  directed  not 
so  much  at  immediate  results,  though  these  have  not  been 
neglected,  as  at  the  preparation  of  the  clergy  and  lay  mem- 
bership of  the  church  at  large  for  participation  in  the  social 
movement  which  has  given  its  significant  character  to  modern 
times.  The  Commission's  emphasis  has  been  not  only  upon 
the  immediate  need  of  social  amelioration  but  upon  the 
ultimate  aim  of  social   reconstruction.     It  has  attempted  to 


62    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

formulate  a  program  of  ''Christian  democracy"  which  shall 
make  provision  for  justice  to  the  less  favored  classes.  Its 
effort  is  based  upon  a  realization  of  the  social  implications 
of  the  Bible  and  of  church  history  and  of  practical  contem- 
porary conditions  and  needs. 

The  Joint  Commission  has  since  its  appointment  in  1910 
maintained  close  contact  with  the  Commission  on  the  Church 
and  Social  Service  appointed  by  the  Federal  Council  of  the 
Churches  of  Christ  in  America,  and  through  it  with  the  social 
service  agencies  of  other  communions,  the  executive  secre- 
tary of  the  Joint  Commission  holding  membership  in  the 
Federal  Council's  Commission  and  also  acting  in  an  advisory 
capacity. 

ORGANIZED    AGENCIES    WITHOUT    FIELD 
SECRETARIES 

Christian  Church 

The  Social  Service  Commission  of  the  Christians  is  asso- 
ciated with  the  Commission  on  the  Country  Church  and  the 
Commission  on  Evangelism  in  a  "Bureau  of  Evangelism  and 
Social  Service/'  with  the  Rev.  O.  W.  Powers,  of  Dayton, 
Ohio,  as  Secretary  and  Director.  The  commission  attempted 
a  survey  of  the  denomination  last  year,  which  revealed  the 
need  of  a  campaign  of  education  in  the  principles  and 
methods  of  social  service.  It  is  undertaking  this  by  corre- 
spondence, circular  letters,  addresses,  and  the  circulation  of 
books  and  pamphlets.  A  short  reading  course  has  been 
suggested  for  pastors,  which  some  have  taken  up.  Social 
service  activities  especially  adapted  to  rural  churches  will  be 
promoted  in  connection  with  the  Commission  on  the  Country 
Church.  The  Commission  seeks  to  cooperate  closely  with  the 
Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  of  the  Federal 
Council.    Its  Annual  Report  for  1914  is  as  follows: 

I.  The  first  business  of  the  church  is  the  evangelization  of 
the  world;  that  is,  bringing  a  saving  knowledge  of  Jesus  Christ 
to  all  people.  Direct  evangelism  is  by  such  means  as  personal 
testimony,  preaching  and  teaching  Christian  truth,  and  the  circu- 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      63 

lation  of  the  Scriptures  and  evangelical  literature.  Indirect 
evangelism  is  the  result  of  such  forces  as  the  influence  of  a 
Christian  life,  the  working  of  Christian  institutions,  and  the 
impact  of  a  Christian  social  order  upon  the  world. 

2.  An  essential  factor  in  the  proclamation  of  the  gospel 
is  a  holy  life,  and  a  true  evangelism  implies  a  high  standard  of 
morals  and  a  true  spiritual  life  in  the  church  and  its  ministry. 
For  the  same  reason  one  of  the  first  concerns  of  a  church 
committed  to  world  evangelism  must  be  the  Christianization  of 
the  social  order  in  the  homeland. 

3.  Social  service  as  a  function  of  the  church  is  direct  and 
indirect.  It  is  the  business  of  the  church,  following  the  example 
and  precept  of  the  Master,  and  giving  expression  to  his  spirit, 
to  feed  the  hungry,  clothe  the  naked,  minister  to  the  sick,  and  in 
all  possible  ways  provide  for  the  well-being  of  men.  The  same 
things  are  done  indirectly  when  the  church  opposes  wasteful, 
vicious,  and  destructive  institutions,  customs  or  practices,  and 
when  she  encourages  and  promotes  enterprises,  movements, 
institutions,  customs,  and  laws  that  make  for  the  betterment  of 
mankind.  Evangelism,  by  efifecting  a  transformation  of  life, 
often  makes  it  possible  for  men  to  more  effectively  clothe,  feed, 
and  care  for  themselves,  and  becomes  a  social  service  of  the 
highest  order. 

4.  As  the  individual  Christian  life  involves  conviction  of  sin, 
repentance,  regeneration,  and  service,  so  the  Christianizing  of 
the  social  order  involves  a  similar  social  experience. 

There  must  be  conviction  of  social  sin.  That  is,  institutions, 
methods,  customs,  and  laws,  whether  social,  educational,  indus- 
trial and  economic,  or  political,  must  be  measured  by  the  ideals 
of  Christ,  and  if  found  wanting,  the  members  of  society  must 
accept  the  blame  for  the  existence  of  the  wrong,  in  so  far  as  they 
have  contributed  to  it,  or  have  failed  to  strive  for  its  removal. 

Repentance  is  demanded,  including  a  genuine  sorrow  for  social 
sin,  a  real  effort  to  right  the  wrong,  and  an  attempt  to  induce 
right  action  by  the  group,  institution,  community,  or  state  affected. 

Social  regeneration  must  be  secured,  not  only  by  transforming 
the  lives  of  the  individuals  composing  the  social  group,  or  con- 
trolling the  institution,  but  by  changing  the  group  itself,  bringing 
it  under  the  control  of  the  Divine  Spirit,  so  that  it  will  function 
in  accordance  with  the  law  of  Christ. 

Service  must  be  rendered,  not  onl}^  by  individuals  to  indi- 
viduals, but  collectively,  by  the  city,  state,  nation,  corporation, 
or  institution,  not  omitting  the  church  itself,  so  that  all  in  their 


64     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

working  shall  express  the  justice,  helpfulness,  sympathy,  and  love 
of  God. 

5.  Direct  methods  of  social  service  are  used  by  the  church, 
when  she  employs  her  own  organization,  plant,  and  corporate 
activity  in  such  service.  Care  of  the  poor  and  unfortunate, 
ministry  to  the  sick,  and  similar  efforts  through  the  institutions 
and  agencies  which  are  a  part  of  the  church  organization,  or 
subject  to  its  control,  have  always  been  recognized  as  legitimate 
enterprises  of  the  church.  Other  forms  of  service  may  and 
should  be  undertaken  by  the  church,  when  the  community 
resources  are  inadequate,  or  when  they  cannot  be  controlled  by 
the  Christian  spirit  for  Christian  purposes. 

6.  Indirect  methods  of  service  are  those  in  which  the  church 
becomes  merely  the  inspirer  and  teacher  of  individuals,  who  in 
turn  are  able  to  control  social  activities  in  the  spirit  of  Christ. 
In  some  spheres,  such  as  political  action  or  law  enforcement, 
direct  participation  of  the  church  may  involve  grave  dangers. 

7.  The  multiplied  demands  of  our  modern  life  upon  the 
church  for  direct  and  indirect  social  ministry  constitute  the 
greatest  opportunity  and  the  mightiest  challenge  ever  offered  to 
the  followers  of  Christ,  and  call  for  a  tremendous  accession  of 
spiritual  power.  That  is,  social  service  is  not  a  substitute  for 
the  spiritual  life,  but  necessitates  an  increase  of  that  life  in 
order  to  make  such  service  possible. 

8.  Evangelism,  while  a  means  of  inducing  the  initial  experience 
of  the  Christian  life,  is  of  itself  inadequate  for  accomplishing 
the  whole  mission  of  the  church.  The  liberation  of  spiritual 
energies  needs  to  be  followed  by  the  recognition  of  definite  tasks 
which  will  give  outlet  to  the  new  enthusiasm  and  power  and 
conserve  it  for  the  service  of  Christ  and  humanity. 

9.  The  various  items  in  the  program  of  the  Kingdom,  or 
forms  of  Christian  activity,  are  interrelated,  and  are  not  to  be 
set  off,  one  against  another.  Neither  can  one  phase  wait  upon 
another,  but  all  must  be  carried  forward  together,  as  needs  are 
manifested  and  opportunity  offers. 

10.  The  ultimate  aim  of  the  church  must  be  the  establishment 
of  the  kingdom  of  God;  that  is,  the  creation  of  a  social  order, 
composed  of  saved  individuals,  which  shall  embody  the  spirit  of 
Jesus  Christ. 

Disciples  of  Christ 

The  Disciples  of  Christ  have  an  organization  known  as  the 
Commission  on  Social  Service  and  the  Country  Church.     It 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      65 

is  composed  of  five  men.  The  Secretary  is  Prof.  Alva  W. 
Taylor,  of  the  Bible  College  of  Missouri,  Columbia,  Missouri, 
the  author  of  The  Social  Work  of  Christian  Missions.  This 
Commission  was  created  at  the  International  Convention 
of  the  Disciples  of  Christ  at  Toronto  in  October,  1913,  and 
is  an  expansion  of  a  Committee  on  Social  Service  which 
was  appointed  at  the  General  Convention  at  Portland, 
Oregon,  in  191 1,  by  a  Committee  of  the  American  Christian 
Missionary  Society. 

The  Toronto  Convention  also  adopted  resolutions  calling 
for  the  creation  of  a  special  department  of  Social  Service 
and  the  Country  Church,  with  a  special  secretary  in  charge, 
by  the  American  Christian  Missionary  Society;  also  urging 
the  colleges  of  the  denomination  to  establish  chairs  and 
lectureships  dealing  with  Social  Ethics,  Practical  Church 
Administration,  and  the  Social  Function  of  Religious  Insti- 
tutions. 

During  the  last  two  years  the  Committee  has  carried  on 
a  work  of  agitation  and  education.  It  has  secured  addresses 
in  many  state  and  district  conventions  and  the  appointment 
of  committees  in  twenty-eight  states,  these  committees  to 
formulate  reports  after  thorough  study  on  three  points: 
(i)  social  legislation  in  the  state;  (2)  social  service  activities 
in  the  local  church;  (3)  the  general  state  of  the  rural 
churches.  These  state  committees  form  a  sort  of  Advisory 
Council  to  the  Commission.  The  Committee  has  secured 
the  publication  of  many  articles  in  the  denominational 
journals  and  has  conducted  a  Social  Service  Department  in 
the  American  Home  Missionary.  The  Commission  now  has 
a  successful  social  service  slide  bureau  through  which  are 
furnished  to  churches  stereopticon  lectures  on  social  service 
and  rural  church  themes. 

It  is  also  now  publishing  a  bulletin  upon  social  service  and 
the  rural  church,  the  first  number  of  which  was  upon  the 
Disciples  of  Christ  and  the  Rural  Church.  Some  1,500 
copies  of  the  bulletin  itself  and  more  than  100,000  copies  of  a 
leaflet  giving  a  summary  of  what  the  bulletin  contains  have 
been  circulated.  The  second  series  has  also  appeared  entitled 
"The  Call  to  Social  Service,"  and  others  are  in  preparation — 


66    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

one  on  "The  Disciples  of  Christ  and  Social  Service,"  and 
another  on  the  Slavic  question.  The  idea  in  these  bulletins 
is  not  so  much  to  make  contributions  to  social  service  litera- 
ture as  to  apply  the  findings  of  this  v^hole  social  service 
movement  to  the  consciousness  of  the  denomination. 

Friends 

This  body  has  always  laid  great  emphasis  on  Social  Service 
as  an  inherent  part  of  Christianity. 

With  the  birth  of  Quakerism  in  the  mid-seventeenth 
century  there  came  into  the  world  a  powerful  return  of 
this  social  aspect  of  Christianity.  George  Fox,  even  in  his 
period  of  agony  and  spiritual  travail,  was  far  more  con- 
cerned over  the  condition  of  society  about  him  than  he  was 
over  the  state  of  his  own  soul.  'T  was  sorely  exercised," 
he  says,  "to  go  to  the  courts  and  cry  for  justice,  to  speak 
and  write  to  judges  and  justices  to  do  justly,  and  to  warn 
people  who  kept  public  houses  for  entertainment  that  they 
should  not  let  people  have  more  drink  than  was  good  for 
them."  He  attacked  every  social  custom  which,  in  his 
own  words,  "trained  up  people  to  vanity  and  looseness." 
"I  was  also  made,"  he  adds,  "to  declare  against  deceitful 
merchandise  and  cheating  and  cozening,  warning  all  to 
deal  justly,  to  speak  the  truth,  to  let  their  yea  be  yea,  and 
their  nay  be  nay,  and  to  do  unto  others  as  they  would  have 
others  do  unto  them." 

At  another  time  we  find  him  taking  his  stand  before  the 
justices  of  the  peace  against  the  oppression  caused  by  fixing 
a  legal  wage  for  farm  laborers  below  what  was  just,  that  is, 
below  a  living  wage.  There  still  exists  in  the  archives  of 
Providence,  Rhode  Island,  a  letter  written  by  George  Fox 
to  the  magistrates  and  other  officials  of  Rhode  Island,  in 
which  he  touched  with  power  and  insight  almost  every  social 
problem  of  the  day,  and  suggested  new  laws  for  securing  a 
wider  freedom  ^nd  a  fuller  justice  for  the  citizens  of  that 
colony. 

This  social  spirit,  which  was  one  of  the  great  driving 
forces  in  the  life  of  the  founder  of  our  Society  and  which 
comes   to   light   in   all   his   manifold   activities,    has   in   like 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      67 

manner  been  a  luminous  feature  of  Quakerism  in  all  its 
periods.  The  early  Friends  played  a  great  part  in  establish- 
ing a  fixed  price  for  goods  and  merchandise.  They  helped 
greatly  to  abolish  the  barbaric  laws  that  in  the  seventeenth 
century  imposed  capital  punishment  for  more  than  two 
hundred  different  offenses.  They  led  the  way  in  the  slow 
but  steady  reform  of  prisons  and  jails.  They  pleaded  and 
wrought  for  freedom  for  oppressed  races  and  for  larger 
chances  of  development  for  these  races  after  they  had  won 
their  freedom. 

To  develop  this  social  heritage  from  the  past,  the  Social 
Service  Commission,  Prof.  Rufus  M.  Jones,  of  Haverford 
College,  being  chairman,  recommended  to  the  Five  Years 
Meeting  of  the  Friends  the  appointment  of  a  Social  Service 
Board,  consisting  of  one  member  from  each  Yearly  Meeting, 
to  prepare  or  suggest  social  service  literature  and  to  assist 
in  every  way  possible  the  organization  of  social  service 
committees  in  subordinate  meetings  throughout  the  country. 

The  Commission  also  urged  all  superintendents  of  evangel- 
istic and  church  extension  work,  and  pastoral  committees 
to  make  themselves  familiar  with  the  great  lines  of  social 
service  work  which  is  being  carried  on  by  the  leading  de- 
nominations of  the  Christian  church,  and  that  as  *'far  as 
possible  they  prepare  themselves  for  the  practical  extension 
and  promotion  of  this  part  of  our  religious  mission  in  the 
world." 

The  Commission  also  encouraged  the  formation  of  social 
service  study  groups  and  the  development  of  community 
study,  and  recommended  various  forms  of  social  service 
to  "Monthly  Meetings,"  which  are  now  being  developed 
under  the  guidance  of  the  Commission. 

German  Evangelical  Church 

The  German  Evangelical  Church  of  North  America  has 
organized  the  Evangelical  Commission  on  Social  Service,  the 
report  of  which  for  1915  includes  the  following: 

"The  Commission  is  firmly  convinced  that  our  social  prob- 
lems can  be  solved  only  by  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  in  its 
application  to  present-day  conditions.     Pastors  are  earnestly 


08    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 


urged  to  make  this  application  to  all  social  conditions  requir- 
ing it.  It  is  again  urged  that  social  service  topics  be 
thoroughly  discussed  at  district  and  pastoral  conferences  and 
at  Brotherhood  and  young  people's  conventions.  District 
social  service  commissions  should  be  created  wherever  this 
has  not  yet  been  done,  for  the  purpose  of  studying  local 
social  conditions  and  of  seeking  to  abolish  any  social  wrongs 
that  may  be  discovered. 

"All  district  commissions  are  requested  to  report  regularly 
to  the  Central  Commission,  so  that  the  latter  may  fully 
cooperate  with  the  Federal  Council  Commission.  The  Central 
Commission  gladly  recognizes  and  fully  appreciates  the  local 
social  service  work  that  is  being  accomplished  through  city 
mission  effort  and  by  individual  churches,  and  encourages 
most  heartily  the  undertaking  of  similar  work  wherever 
possible." 

Evangelical  Lutheran  Church 

The  Lutheran  Church  has  long  had  what  is  known  as 
"The  Inner  Mission,"  the  idea  of  which  is  stated  as  follows: 

The  idea  of  Inner  Mission  is  to  realize  the  universal 
priesthood  of  all  believers;  to  reestablish  the  primitive  ideal 
of  Christianity,  in  which  loving  service  to  a  needy  world 
becomes  the  manifest  sign  wherever  there  is  a  Christian;  to 
have  the  entire  church  prove  her  faith  by  her  saving  love. 
It  is  thus  the  idea  of  Inner  Mission  to  put  the  entire  so-called 
"laity"  into  the  Samaritan  attitude  of  vital,  personal  touch 
with  need.  The  prime  aim  must,  therefore,  always  be 
congregational  development.  The  unused,  flabby  strength 
of  members  is  to  be  developed  and  the  way  of  effectual 
service  prepared  for  them.  There  must  be  an  increased  force 
of  real  Christian  ministry  in  every  congregation.  Inner 
Mission's  ideal  is  to  have  the  entire  live  and  conscious  church 
in  service.  It  emphasizes  the  constantly  forgotten,  despised 
fact  that  it  is  the  church,  not  just  pastors  and  deaconesses, 
to  which  the  commission  is  given  of  carrying  out  Christ's 
work  upon  earth.  Congregations  must  more  largely  gain  the 
idea  of  personal,  loving  service  of  men  for  Jesus'  sake. 
Inner  Mission  is  the  church's  endeavor  to  make  real  to-day 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      69 

what  Christ  was  in  his  day — a  person  going  about  "doing 
good";  it  is  the  Christ  of  "yesterday  and  to-day,"  going 
about  in  the  person  of  his  members,  applying  the  balm  of 
Gilead  to  the  world's  open  sore,  whether  mental,  moral,  or 
physical — and  always,  as  with  Christ,  for  the  purpose  of 
reaching  the  depth  of  the  wound, — sin. 

It  is  thus  manifest  that  were  this  ideal  of  Inner  Mission 
fully  realized,  many  present  institutions  of  mercy  would  not 
be  needed  at  all.  Since,  however,  the  conditions  of  life 
prevent  the  complete  realization  of  Inner  Mission's  ideal,  a 
secondary  idea  of  Inner  Mission  is  the  establishment  of  insti- 
tutions where  the  great  and  complicated  wounds  of  men  are 
treated  for  Jesus'  sake  and  in  his  name.  Everywhere  such 
institutions  are  needed.  In  special  places,  such  as  cities,  some 
of  special  character  are  demanded,  like  homes  and  settle- 
ments, and  some  special  work  is  required,  as  in  state  institu- 
tions. This  secondary,  institutional  aim  of  Inner  Mission 
must  never  be  allowed  to  supersede  the  primary,  congrega- 
tional aim,  in  spite  of  the  constant  temptation  which  will 
exist  to  have  that  take  place. 

For  the  effectual  realization  and  permanent  development  of 
the  idea  the  General  Synod  at  its  meeting  in  191 5  established 
an  Inner  Board,  whose  president  is  instructed  to  cooperate 
with  the  Federal  Council  Commission.  The  purposes  of  the 
Board  are: 

1.  To  carry  on  an  educational  campaign  through  literature, 
the  holding  of  institutes,  and  other  means,  for  the  purpose 
of  effecting  more  truly  in  all  congregations  of  the  General 
Synod  the  reality  of  Inner  Mission — active  Christian  service 
to  need  on  the  part  of  the  entire  congregation,  and  of  all 
its  individual  members;  for  the  purpose,  also,  of  promoting 
the  establishment  of  local  Inner  Mission  societies  in  locali- 
ties where  special  Inner  Mission  work  needs  to  be  done; 
and,  in  general,  for  Inner  Mission  purposes. 

2.  To  aim  at  a  more  harmonious  order  in  the  relation  of 
the  General  Synod  to  the  various  institutions  of  an  Inner 
Mission  nature  already  existing:  to  plan  for  the  establish- 
ment of  many  and  various  other  institutions  of  mercy 
throughout  the  land,  in  accordance  with  well-conceived  ideas 


70    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

of  need  and  of  territory;  to  give  to  each  institution  the 
benefits  of  wide  experience  and  large  cooperation  in  insti- 
tutional work;  to  make  a  report  for  all  of  these  institutions 
at  every  session  of  the  General  Synod;  in  general,  to 
organize  effectually  our  institutional  work,  while  not  inter- 
fering with  each  institution's  autonomy  in  its  entire  internal 
management  and  control, 

3.  To  develop  cooperation  with  other  Lutherans  in  the 
prosecution  of  Inner  Mission  work. 

4.  To  do  such  other  things,  under  the  direction  of  the 
General  Synod,  as  pertain  to  and  are  best  calculated  to  pro- 
mote the  general  Inner  Mission  interests  of  our  church. 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South 

This  body  has  a  Standing  Committee  on  Social  Service, 
appointed  by  the  Board  of  Missions,  which  has  the  general 
supervision  and  direction  of  the  social  service  work  of  the 
church,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Board.  The  Com- 
mittee is  composed  of  Rev.  John  M.  Moore,  the  Secretary 
of  the  Department  of  Home  Missions,  Nashville,  Tennessee ; 
Mrs.  R.  W.  MacDonell,  Secretary  of  the  Woman's  Depart- 
ment of  Home  Missions,  Nashville,  Tennessee;  Mrs.  W.  G. 
Piggott,  Irvington,  Kentucky;  Rev.  A.  F.  Watkins,  President 
of  Millsaps  College,  Jackson,  Mississippi;  Prof.  O.  E.  Brown, 
Vanderbilt  University,  Nashville,  Tennessee;  Rev.  W.  A. 
Christian,  pastor  in  Richmond,  Virginia;  and  Mr.  R.  F. 
Burden,  merchant,  Macon,  Georgia. 

The  law  of  the  church  requires  the  election  by  the  Church 
Conference  of  a  Social  Service  Committee  in  each  church 
which  shall  report  quarterly  its  activities  to  the  Quarterly 
Conference.  The  duties  of  this  committee  have  been  defined 
and  the  members  are  furnished  with  a  leaflet  giving  in  out- 
line the  various  forms  of  service  which  may  be  expected. 

The  General  Conference  at  its  quadrennial  meeting  in 
1914  adopted  the  Social  Creed  which  was  adopted  by  the 
Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America. 

The  Woman's  Missionary  Council  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  South,  maintains  thirty  Wesley  Houses  or 
social  settlements  for  white  people  and  two  Bethlehem  Houses 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      71 

or  social  settlements  for  Negroes.  Eighty-five  deaconesses 
give  their  entire  time  to  social  service  work.  In  the  work  for 
Negroes  attention  is  given  to  their  home  environment,  their 
education,  their  treatment  in  the  hands  of  the  law,  and  to  all 
means  by  which  their  domestic,  educational,  and  religious 
conditions  may  be  improved.  In  the  work  for  white  people, 
and  especially  tenants  and  immigrants,  attention  is  given  to 
sanitation,  housing,  health,  sex  hygiene,  domestic  science, 
and  such  means  as  will  purify  the  environments  and  brighten 
the  conditions  in  which  they  live. 

Reformed   Church   in  the  United   States    (German) 

Through  its  Board  of  Home  Missions  this  body  has  ap- 
pointed a  Committee  on  Social  Service.  The  Resolution 
calling  for  this  Committee  reads  as  follows: 

That  this  Department  be  instituted  for  the  purpose  chiefly  of 
giving  information  and  inspiration  to  the  church  in  these 
matters,  and  not  for  the  purpose  of  exercising  control  of  ad- 
ministrative functions. 

The  Committee  has  adopted  what  it  calls  a  Social  Creed, 
for  its  own  guidance.  This  contains  sections  on  (i)  Indi- 
vidual and  Social  Salvation;  (2)  The  Duty  of  the  Church 
in  Social  Service;  (3)  The  Duty  of  the  Individual  Christian 
in  Social  Service;  (4)  The  Social  Problem.  The  various 
District  Synods  likewise  have  Committees  on  Social  Service, 
which  are  cooperating  with  the  General  Committee.  Numer- 
ous articles  on  the  subject  of  social  service  have  appeared 
in  the  church  papers;  and  at  the  five  Missionary  Confer- 
ences held  in  various  sections  of  the  denomination  during 
the  summer  of  19 15  the  subject  of  social  service  was  presented 
in  platform  addresses. 

United  Presbyterian  Church 

In  the  spring  of  1910  Allegheny  Presbytery  petitioned  for 
the  appointment  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  United 
Presbyterian  Church  of  a  committee  which  should  be  known 
as  the  Committee  on  Industrial  Conditions.  Such  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed.    The  General  Assembly  met  in  Wash- 


72     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

ington,  Pennsylvania,  in  the  month  of  May,  191 1,  at  which 
time  the  committee  presented  its  first  report  and  a  conference 
was  held  at  one  of  the  evening  sessions,  which  was  entirely 
devoted  to  a  consideration  of  Industrial  and  Social  Condi- 
tions. Reports  were  made  by  the  same  committee  at  the 
meetings  of  General  Assembly  in  Seattle,  Washington,  in 
1912,  and  in  Atlanta,  Georgia,  in  1913.  The  Minutes  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  for 
1911,  1912,  1913,  contain  the  reports  of  the  committee.  In 
the  meetings  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1912  and  1913  the 
platform  of  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ 
in  America  was  adopted  without  one  dissenting  vote.  In  its 
report  at  Atlanta,  Georgia,  in  the  spring  of  1913,  the  Com- 
mittee on  Industrial  Conditions  made  the  following  recom- 
mendation:  "We  recommend  that  the  Board  of  Home  Mis- 
sions be  given  supervision  of  the  work  relating  to  Social 
Service  and  Industrial  Conditions  and  that  it  be  authorized 
to  make  whatever  arrangements  it  may  deem  best  in  carrying 
forward  the  work  already  inaugurated."  This  recommenda- 
tion was  adopted,  and  the  Home  Board  of  the  United 
Presbyterian  Church  has  appointed  a  committee  to  be  known 
as  the  Committee  on  Social  Service  and  Industrial  Con- 
ditions. 

This  committee  consists  at  present  of  the  Rev.  J.  K.  Mc- 
Clurkin,  Chairman,  and  the  Rev.  H.  H.  Marlin,  Secretary, 
the  other  members  of  the  committee  being  Judge  James  M. 
Galbreath,  Hon.  John  H.  Murdoch,  and  Mr.  Richard  Moon, 
Sr.  A  brief  outline  of  its  program  is  as  follows :  To  publish 
lists  of  books  and  seek  to  induce  pastors  to  become  conver- 
sant in  a  thorough  manner  with  the  great  modern  social 
service  movement ;  to  encourage  pastors  to  preach  on  dififerent 
phases  of  this  movement;  to  form  classes  for  social  service 
study;  to  have  social  service  committees  appointed  in  all 
our  churches ;  to  make  a  thorough  study  of  community  needs 
and  lift  community  life  to  higher  levels  of  privilege  and 
opportunity;  to  secure  working  men  and  women  of  Christian 
sympathies  to  address  the  people  of  our  churches;  to  have 
fair-minded  employers  present  their  views  that  a  wide  un- 
prejudiced view  may  be  obtained  of  the  whole  mighty  field; 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      73 

when  good  labor  laws  are  pending  in  state  or  national  legis- 
lation to  agitate  and  petition  that  such  legislation  may  be 
passed  and  enforced;  to  urge  a  general  observance  of  Labor 
Day  by  our  churches;  to  recommend  that  pastors  preach 
sermons  gradually  covering  the  whole  platform  of  the  Federal 
Council;  to  recommend  that  departments  be  maintained  in 
our  church  papers  for  the  dissemination  of  needed  knowledge 
as  to  social  and  industrial  conditions,  and  for  the  purpose  of 
keeping  these  great  issues  prominently  before  our  people; 
to  recommend  that  presbyteries  appoint  social  service  com- 
mittees ;  that  General  Assemblies  and  Synods  give  an  honored 
place  in  their  programs  for  discussion  and  conference  con- 
cerning social  service  ideals  and  plans;  to  urge  the  necessity 
of  granting  to  all  people  the  Sabbath  day  as  a  day  of  rest; 
to  make  the  church  of  Christ  the  mightiest  conciliating  force 
of  the  industrial  world  in  establishing  just  and  friendly  re- 
lations between  employer  and  employed;  to  seek  to  apply 
with  new  vigor  the  principles  of  Christ  to  all  matters  at  issue 
between  men;  to  seek  to  focus  attention  upon  the  great  two- 
fold need  of  a  regenerated  man  and  a  regenerated  society. 

With  such  a  program  the  National  Brotherhood  has  ap- 
pointed a  Commission  on  Social  Service,  and  the  Young 
People's  Christian  Union,  a  Committee. 


NO  ORGANIZED  AGENCIES 

It  must  be  remembered  that  in  other  denominations,  where 
there  is  no  department  of  social  service,  many  social  service 
activities  are  carried  on  by  state  and  district  units  and  by 
local  churches. 

The  Free  Baptists  as  a  denomination  are  not  now  engaged 
in  any  form  of  social  service,  mainly  because  the  Free  Bap- 
tists and  Baptists  are  uniting,  and  Free  Baptists  look  for 
direction  and  inspiration  in  social  service  from  the  Baptist 
Social  Service  Commission.  In  this  transition  period,  how- 
ever, local  activities  are  being  developed. 

The  Mennonite  Church  has  no  organized  social  service 
work.    The  churches  are  for  the  greater  part  rural  or  village 


74    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

churches,  which  have  thus  far  served  the  social  needs  of 
the  community,  and  where  the  Mennonite  people  are  located 
in  fairly  large  numbers,  the  community  spirit,  which  is  still 
strong,  is  serving  the  church  to  good  purpose. 

The  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  is  doing  con- 
siderable local  work;  the  spirit  is  abroad,  and  the  idea  of 
social  service  is  getting  hold  both  of  the  laity  and  the  min- 
istry. The  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  Quarterly 
Review  contains  a  Department  on  the  Church  and  Social 
Service,  and  the  leaders  of  the  denomination  are  hoping 
and  expecting  that  the  denomination  as  such  will  before  long 
be  organized  in  these  interests. 

They  are  expounding  the  principles  and  measures  adopted 
by  the  Federal  Council  to  their  people  and  rallying  them 
to  their  support.  They  appeal  to  other  denominations  to  see 
that  these  principles  are  applied  and  these  measures  worked 
out  without  race  discrimination. 

The  Moravian  Church  is  organizing  with  unusual  effec- 
tiveness in  the  interest  of  country  life  and  the  rural  church 
problem. 

The  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United  States  (Southern) 
has  all  through  the  South  a  large  and  important  missionary 
work,  which  gives  special  consideration  to  social  problems. 

The  Reformed  Church  in  America  (Dutch)  has  no  organ- 
ized social  service  work,  nor  anything  which  might  be  termed 
a  "social  movement,"  but  the  work  of  many  of  its  local 
churches,  especially  in  the  cities,  is  of  a  social  nature. 

The  United  Brethren  at  their  General  Conference  in  May, 
1913,  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  Home  Missionary  So- 
ciety to  create  a  Bureau  of  Social  Service  and  Moral  Reform. 
The  Church  stands  for  the  Federal  Council  platform,  but 
there  is  as  yet  no  organized  social  service  effort. 

Other  Denominations. — The  Evangelical  Association^  the 
Methodist  Protestant,  the  Reformed  Episcopal,  the  Re- 
formed Presbyterian,  the  Seventh-Day  Baptists,  the  United 
Evangelical,   and   other   bodies,    are   engaged,    especially   at 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      75 

important  centers,  in  the  work  under  consideration.  The 
only  reason  their  work  is  not  more  fully  reported  in  this 
review  is  that  it  is  difficult  where  there  is  no  denominational 
agency  responsible  for  it. 

It  should  also  be  remembered  that,  in  addition  to  the  work 
comprehended  in  this  review,  all  the  denominations  are  really 
doing  a  large  work  of  social  uplift  through  their  various 
Home  and  Foreign  Mission  Boards.  The  attempt  here  has 
been  only  to  present  the  work  so  far  as  it  is  assuming  the 
form  of  organization  in  a  specific  and  defined  interest. 

The  Churches  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention  have  a 
committee  which  cooperates  with  the  Northern  Baptist  De- 
partment of  Social  Service  and  Brotherhood. 

At  Atlanta,  Georgia,  May,  1913,  the  Assemblies  of  the 
Northern,  Southern,  and  United  Presbyterian  Churches  ap- 
pointed a  Joint  Commission  to  report  upon  the  attitude  and 
relation  of  the  Presbyterian  Churches  to  social  service. 


SOCIAL   SERVICE   THROUGH    INTERCHURCH 
ORGANIZATIONS 

Social  Service  is  recognized  to-day  as  presenting  one  of 
the  greatest  factors  in  unifying  the  work  of  the  churches  of 
any  community.  The  questions  of  creed  and  polity  do  not 
interfere  with  people  working  together  any  more  than  they 
interfere  with  their  praying  and  singing  together.  Each 
community  presents  tasks  in  the  application  of  the  teachings 
of  Jesus  to  our  common  life  which  cannot  be  performed  by 
the  single  local  church,  no  matter  how  efficient  it  may  be. 

Local  Forms  of  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches^  and 
Similar  Efforts 

The  churches  no  longer  doubt  the  reality  of  their  social 
responsibility.  They  know  they  must  meet  this  responsibility 
in  social  relationships  as  churches.  This  has  resulted  in  the 
formation  of  interchurch  organizations  of  various  kinds. 
We  have  the  Council  of  Churches   in  Dallas,  Texas;   the 


76    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Men's  Federation  in  Louisville,  Kentucky;  the  Men  and 
Religion  Forward  Movement  Committee,  in  Atlanta,  Georgia, 
and  the  Church  Federations  in  many  cities.  The  term  most 
commonly  applied  to  such  combined  work  is  the  Church 
Federation  of  . 

As  the  work  has  gone  forward  it  has  been  found  necessary 
to  form  committees  for  cooperation  in  other  fields  than  that 
of  social  service.  There  are  now  committees  on  Comity, 
Evangelism,  Bible  Study,  Boys'  Work,  Missions,  Publicity. 
The  reflex  influence  of  this  type  of  work  upon  the  churches 
engaged  cannot  be  measured.  There  has  quietly  come  about 
a  mutual  understanding  of  each  other  not  possible  before. 
Publicly  and  privately  the  members  magnify  their  agree- 
ments and  minimize  their  differences.  They  do  not  love 
their  own  denominations  less,  but  they  love  the  Kingdom 
more.  Denominational  loyalty  is  glorified  by  the  devotion 
to  the  welfare  of  the  Kingdom.  The  great  social  value  of 
this  changing  attitude  and  spirit  cannot  be  estimated.  It  is 
impossible  to  return  to  the  stultifying  sectarianism  of  a 
generation  ago. 

Through  this  union  of  Christian  forces  many  encouraging 
reports  are  being  received.  In  Pittsburgh  the  Committee  on 
Social  Education  arranged  for  the  delivery  of  400  lectures 
and  addresses  to  upwards  of  40,000  people.  The  Committee 
on  Civic  Action  has  undertaken  to  so  organize  the  church 
forces  by  congregation  and  precinct  as  to  carry  into  effect 
the  message  of  the  pulpit.  A  total  of  56,000  communications 
and  pieces  of  literature  have  been  issued  to  this  end. 

Through  the  insistent  attitude  of  the  commission  toward 
commercialized  vice  the  Morals  Bureau  of  the  city  govern- 
ment was  appointed,  which  did  such  excellent  work  in 
abolishing  the  tenderloin;  and  all  through  the  history  of 
that  body  this  Christian  Social  Service  Union  has  been  the 
moral  force  supporting  it.  Similar  reports  are  made  of 
work  of  the  committees  on  Amusements,  on  Surveys,  on 
Legislation. 

The  Social  Service  work  of  the  Cleveland  Federation  of 
Churches  has  been  most  notable.  The  report  made  by  the 
Chairman  of  the  Social  Betterment  Committee  on  the  sup- 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      77 

pressing  of  prostitution   in   Cleveland   reveals   what   can   be 
done  by  the  power  of  the  united  church. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  developments  in  the  line  of 
church  activities  is  in  Atlanta,  Georgia.  For  four  years 
the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Men  and  Religion  Forward 
Movement  has  been  attempting  to  carry  out  the  Social 
Service  Program  of  that  movement.  A  remarkable  series  of 
editorials  appeared  in  the  daily  papers  in  space  paid  for  by 
the  Committee.  The  publicity  campaign  was  so  effective 
that  the  opposing  forces  saw  that  they  must  prevent  the 
papers  from  selling  this  space  to  the  united  church.  That 
the  church  might  still  proclaim  its  convictions,  a  weekly 
paper,  The  Way,  was  issued  by  Mr.  J.  J.  Eagan,  chairman  of 
the  committee,  with  Mr.  Marion  M.  Jackson  as  editor.  By 
means  of  this  campaign  in  one  field  of  activities,  the  follow- 
ing results  have  been  obtained,  as  given  in  the  Atlanta  Men 
and  Religion  Bulletin,  No.  189. 

APPLIED   CHRISTIANITY,'   ATLANTA,   GEORGIA,    I9II-I915 

1.  It  has  caused  the  closing  of  the  Red  Light  districts  in 
Atlanta  and  other  cities. 

2.  It  has  provided  shelter  and  clothes  for  unhappy  inmates 
of  the  houses  who  would  accept  these  when  the  houses  were 
closed. 

3.  It  led  the  state  to  build  the  Georgia  Training  School 
for  Girls.  Forty-two  girls  are  living  in  a  home  valued  at 
more  than  $40,000.  Real  value  cannot  be  estimated,  so  great 
is  the  good  which  has  been  done. 

4.  It  opened  a  home  in  Atlanta  for  girls  without  work, 
and  girls  whose  wages  are  too  little,  where  sixteen  girls  are 
now  living. 

5.  It  brought  about  the  study  of  conditions  among  con- 
victs in  Georgia,  leading  to  a  more  humane  treatment  of 
prisoners,  and  the  beginning  of  a  change  that  will  eventually 
remodel  the  prison  system  of  Georgia. 

6.  It  led  the  legislature  to  enact  the  Probation  Law, 
enabling  judges  and  probation  officers  to  save  first  offenders 
from  becoming  habitual  criminals. 

The  Underlying  Principle.     These  things  have  been  done, 


78    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

not  by  dictation,  but  by  learning  the  facts  and  laying  them 
before  lawmakers,  public  officials,  and  citizens,  and  asking 
them  to  consider  them  in  the  light  of  the  teachings  of 
Jesus  Christ. 

Commission  on  Federated  Movements 

During  the  last  year  a  new  Commission  of  the  Federal 
Council  has  been  formed  which  is  known  as  the  "Commis- 
sion on  Federated  Movements."  This  Commission  is  in 
reality  a  federation  of  federated  movements.  A  portion  of 
the  Commission  consists  of  the  representatives  (unofficial) 
of  the  following  organizations  doing  interchurch  work: 

Adult  Bible  Class  and  Brotherhood  Movements  (Denomina- 
tional and  Interdenominational) 

American  Sunday  School  Union 

Council  of  Women  for  Home  Missions 

Home  Missions  Council 

International  Committee  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion 

International  Sunday  School  Association 

Laymen's  Missionary  Movement 

Local,  County,  and  State  Federations 

Missionary   Education   Movement 

National  Board  of  Young  Women's  Christian  Associations 

Sunday  School  Council  of  Evangelical  Denominations 

Young  People's  Organizations  (Denominational  and  Interdenom- 
inational) 

This  Commission  will  cooperate  with  state  and  local  inter- 
church organizations  to  make  Christian  cooperation  more 
effective  along  all  lines.  Mr.  Fred  B.  Smith  is  the  Chairman 
of  this  Commission.  Mr.  Roy  B.  Guild  is  Executive 
Secretary,  and  Mr.  James  A.  Whitmore  is  Field  Secretary. 

The  program  of  work  laid  down  for  this  Commission  by 
the  conference  of  Participating  Organizations  at  Atlantic 
City  and  approved  by  the  Commission  will  mean  much  more 
for  the  success  of  the  social  service  work  in  the  churches 
of  the  country.  It  will  be  a  very  great  help  to  those  desiring 
greater  efficiency  to  have  the  results  of  such  work  gathered 
up  by  a  central  agency  and  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  country. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      79 

The  reporting  of  all  such  work  is  earnestly  solicited  by  the 
Commission.  The  following  items  in  the  program  of  work 
are  particularly  pertinent: 

1.  AN     ANALYSIS     OF     THE     PRESENT     STATUS     OF     FEDERATED 

EFFORTS 

Many  communities  have  adopted  programs  calling  for 
Christian  cooperation  between  churches  and  other  religious 
organizations.  These  have  been  valuable  experiments.  Some 
have  met  with  success  and  some  with  failure.  A  careful 
study  of  the  same  is  essential  to  the  making  of  recommenda- 
tions to  other  communities.  A  survey  of  the  present  status 
of  Federated  work  will  form  the  basis  for  future  programs. 
This  is  the  most  immediate  task.  There  is  a  wealth  of  inspir- 
ing facts  which  should  be  known  by  all,  instead  of  only  by 
the  groups  of  workers  who  have  had  success  in  certain 
communities.  Christian  cooperation  is  an  inspiring  reality, 
as  well  as  an  intense  desire. 

2.  MESSAGES    ON     THE     COMMUNITY    PROBLEM     IN     CHRISTIAN 

CONQUEST 

From  time  to  time  this  Commission  will  arrange  for 
the  deliverance  of  great  messages  before  conferences  and 
communities  on  the  principle  of  Christian  unity  in  service. 
When  the  men  with  this  message  can  be  secured,  and  proper 
arrangements  can  be  made,  much  will  be  done  toward  crystal- 
lizing into  action  the  heart  longing  of  many  for  an  end  to 
much  of  the  wasteful  competition  of  to-day.  Such  messen- 
gers will  help  to  develop  an  attitude  of  mind  on  the  part  of 
the  public  which  will  demand  sympathetic,  aggressive  team 
play  among  the  religious  forces  of  communities. 

3.  A   BALANCED   APPEAL   FOR    MOTIVE   POWER   AND    MECHANISM 

This  Commission  will  give  forth  through  the  messages  of 
the  secretaries  and  the  members  throughout  the  country  and 
through  literature  a  Christian  appeal  that  is  as  compre- 
hensive as  the  interests  it  represents.  It  recognizes  and 
proclaims  the  need  of  increased  Christian  passion  and  im- 


80    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

proved  Christian  programs.  The  dual  purpose  is  to  have 
fiercer  fires  under  the  boiler  and  finer  mechanism  to  utilize 
the  developed  power,  and  to  have  them  both  at  the  same  time. 
The  success  of  the  work  undertaken  will  be  in  proportion 
to  the  ability  to  stimulate  the  souls  of  men  and  to  suggest  or 
have  them  initiate  effective  lines  of  action.  There  will  be 
no  divorcing  of  these  mutually  dependent  elements  of  the 
gospel  message.  Through  boys'  work,  Bible  study,  social 
service,  missions,  soul  winning,  the  ideal  will  be  realized.  A 
commission  combining  so  many  strong  constructive  and 
aggressive  Christian  forces  faces  a  time  when  this  message 
will  be  heard.  The  world  needs  the  whole  gospel  for  the 
whole  man.  Here  we  have  the  vision  of  the  whole  church 
laboring  for  the  Christianizing  of  our  whole  country. 

Country  Church  Movement 

The  development  of  the  Country  Church  Movement  has 
been  coordinate  with  that  of  the  social  service  movement. 
Because  of  the  fact  that  the  restoration  of  the  country 
church  to  its  place  of  community  leadership  depends  largely 
upon  the  development  of  a  community  program  nearly  all 
the  denominational  social  service  organizations  have  given 
special  attention  to  the  needs  of  the  country  church. 

In  the  years  1910,  191 1,  and  1912,  under  the  supervision 
of  Research  Secretary  the  Rev.  G.  Frederick  Wells,  the 
Federal  Council  maintained  a  "bureau  and  clearing-house  of 
research,  information  and  promotion,  touching  the  various 
church  and  country  life  interests."  Since  1913  a  special 
Committee,  known  as  the  Committee  on  Church  and  Country 
Life,  has  been  in  charge  of  this  work,  and  the  Rev.  C.  O. 
Gill  has  been  employed  to  give  it  his  undivided  attention. 

In  December,  1914,  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
Federal  Council  of  Churches  at  its  annual  meeting  deter- 
mined to  create  a  Commission  to  whose  direction  its  rural 
work  should  be  entrusted.  At  their  meeting,  on  December  20, 
the  members  of  the  Committee  on  Church  and  Country  Life 
were  informed  that  they  had  been  appointed  on  the  new 
Commission  and  the  necessary  steps  were  taken  to  secure 
the  nomination  of  other  members  by  the  constituent  bodies 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      81 

of  the  Federal  Council.  In  order  to  secure  the  continuance 
of  the  work  already  begun,  a  Committee  of  Direction  was 
appointed.  The  work  is  now  under  the  supervision  of  this 
Committee. 

During  the  past  year  the  office  of  this  Commission  has 
been  in  Columbus,  Ohio.  It  was  the  idea  of  the  committee 
to  make  Ohio  something  of  a  clearing-house  of  information 
and  it  was  thought  desirable  to  be  in  close  contact  with  the 
rural  work  in  a  state  which  is  fairly  central  and  in  which 
there  is  a  variety  of  rural  conditions. 

The  Commission  has  been  of  some  assistance  to  those 
interested  in  the  organization  of  rural  church  and  country 
life  in  Ohio.  An  organization  called  the  Ohio  Rural  Life 
Association  has  been  formed  during  the  year,  including  an 
Advisory  Council  of  persons  who  are  in  close  touch  with 
work  for  the  betterment  of  country  life,  while  there  is  a 
Committee  on  Interchurch  Cooperation,  consisting  of  bishops, 
superintendents,  and  others,  representing  sixteen  denomina- 
tions.   A  program  for  constructive  work  has  been  adopted. 

But  the  main  work  during  the  year  in  Ohio  has  been  a 
state-wide  survey.  The  attempt  has  been  made  to  ascertain 
the  location  and  denomination  of  every  rural  church,  its 
present  membership,  w^hether  it  is  gaining  or  losing  in  mem- 
bership, and  whether  it  ordinarily  has  a  resident  pastor  and 
what  part  of  a  minister's  service  it  receives. 

The  surveys  made  by  the  Presbyterian  Church  and  others 
during  the  last  five  or  six  years  indicate  that  conditions  are 
no  better  in  other  states.  It  seems  there  is  ground  to  hope 
that  through  interdenominational  cooperation  something  can 
be  done  for  the  improvement  of  the  situation.  While  better- 
ment can  be  brought  about  only  by  slow  advancement,  it  is 
a  matter  of  great  importance  that  even  though  slow,  such 
advancement  shall  be  made.  If  the  Commission,  in  coopera- 
tion with  the  people  of  Ohio  and  through  correspondence 
with  persons  in  other  states,  can  learn  ways  and  means  for 
the  solution  of  the  vital  and  fundamental  problem  of  rural 
church  decline,  its  service  should  prove  one  of  the  most 
important  of  those  rendered  by  the  Federal  Council  of  the 
Churches. 


82    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

It  is  proposed  in  the  state  of  Ohio,  as  a  chief  part  of  the 
work  for  the  next  year,  to  make  a  special  study  of  successful 
work  of  country  churches  and  rural  pastors,  to  publish  a 
description  of  it  in  bulletins  and  to  send  these  to  every  rural 
pastor  in  the  state.  Thus  it  is  proposed  out  of  actual 
accomplishment  on  the  field  itself  to  create  higher  ideals  and 
standards  for  rural  church  work. 

The  Commission  held  a  national  Conference  on  the  Coun- 
try Church  in  connection  with  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the 
Federal  Council  Executive  Committee,  at  Columbus,  Ohio, 
December,  191 5. 

It  has  prepared  a  brief  statement  on  the  Function,  Plat- 
form, and  Program  of  the  Country  Church. 

Its  work  is  organized  under  Committees  on  the  following: 

Surveys. 

Denominational  Country  Church  Organization. 

Sunday  Schools  and  Church  Societies. 

Literature. 

Legislation. 

Rural  Education. 

State  and  County  Federations. 

Among  the  denominations  the  Methodist  Federation  for 
Social  Service  has  a  Country  Life  Section,  the  Chairman  of 
which  is  the  Rev.  G.  Frederick  Wells,  Tyringham,  Massa- 
chusetts. Rural  Country  Church  Commissions  have  been 
organized  in  a  number  of  Annual  Conferences,  and  where 
these  do  not  exist  the  Conference  Social  Service  Commis- 
sions give  special  attention  to  the  needs  of  the  country 
church  and  community.  A  standard  program  for  country 
and  village  churches  is  being  worked  out.  This  work  will 
be  taken  over  by  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  and  Church 
Extension,  which  is  organizing  a  Rural  Church  Department. 

The  Moravian  Church  has  a  working  Committee  on 
Country  Life,  whose  representative  is  the  Rev.  Edmund 
de  S.  Brunner,  Coopersburg,  Pa. 

The  Country  Church  Work  of  the  Board  of  Home  Mis- 
sions of  the  Presbyterian  Church  (Northern)  is  in  its 
seventh  year.     The  Rev.  Warren  H.   Wilson  is   Secretary. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      83 

In  order  of  time  the  work  has  been  developed  in  the  follow- 
ing directions : 

Country  Church  Institutes  and  Conferences  are  held  in 
rural  centers  for  the  training  of  the  ministers  and  officers 
of  country  churches.  They  are  one  to  three  days  in  length. 
Speakers  represent  the  allies  of  the  country  church.  These 
institutes  are  always  interdenominational,  and  are  frequently 
held  in  other  than  Presbyterian  churches. 

Summer  Schools  for  Country  Ministers  have  been  pro- 
moted by  this  department  in  every  section  of  the  country. 
Each  year  between  two  and  three  hundred  Presbyterian 
ministers  are  assembled  at  summer  schools  which  offer  at 
least  two  weeks  in  religious  pedagogy  and  in  the  sociology 
of  religion.  These  schools  are  largely  attended  by  ministers 
of  all  denominations. 

Social  Surveys  are  made  in  various  sections  of  the  coun- 
try, by  this  department,  on  the  request  of  presbyteries  or 
synods  which  promise  beforehand  to  make  effective  use  of 
the  results  of  investigation.  They  exhibit  the  condition  of 
all  churches  in  the  area  investigated,  and  of  schools,  granges, 
and  other  public  social  institutions.  The  results  of  the 
survey  are  prepared  for  use  in  religious  and  other  public 
assemblies,  as  a  showing  of  the  work  done  by  the  churches 
in  the  country. 

Addresses  and  Conferences  are  presented  with  frequency 
in  educational  and  other  public  institutions.  The  depart- 
ment has  been  champion  of  the  country  church  in  many 
places  during  the  seven  years  of  its  existence,  because  it  has 
undertaken  the  work  in  the  interests  of  all  churches. 

Demonstration  Parishes  have  been  established  at  the  re- 
quest of  local  Presbyterian  bodies  in  many  states  of  the 
Union.  By  this  means  the  two  types  of  country  church  which 
are  most  important  are  brought  out  in  strong  relief:  first, 
churches  which  should  come  to  self-support;  second,  churches 
which  are  missionary  and  dependent,  in  populous  and  needy 
regions.  The  department  is  placing  resident  ministers,  each 
giving  full  time  to  one  congregation  and  making  the  church 
serve  every  need  of  the  country  community — economic,  social, 
educational,  and  religious. 


84    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Missionary   Education    Movement 
156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City 

The  Missionary  Education  Movement  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada  was  organized  on  July  18,  1902.  It  now  feder- 
ates sixty-two  home  and  foreign  mission  boards  in  united 
promotion  of  missionary  education,  which,  in  most  mission 
boards,  includes  social  education.  The  aim  of  the  movement 
is  to  foster  missionary  training  of  all  ages  within  the  local 
church  by  systematic  instruction,  the  promotion  of  giving 
and  prayer  for  missions,  and  actual  personal  and  social 
service  in  the  home,  church,  and  community. 

Its  chief  activities  are  the  editorial  preparation  and  publi- 
cation of  literature  for  leaders,  committee  workers,  and  all 
of  those  who  receive  instruction,  including  literature  on  the 
social  aspects  of  both  home  and  foreign  missions.  This 
literature  is  designed  for  use  by  pastors,  Sunday-schools, 
young  people's  societies,  men's  and  women's  organizations, 
and  all  other  agencies  within  the  local  church. 

Further  activities  are  the  training  of  leaders  in  inter- 
denominational missionary  summer  schools  of  which  there 
are  nine  in  Canada  and  the  United  States;  the  extension  of 
summer  training  through  institutes,  normal  class  campaigns, 
interdenominational  and  denominational  Sunday-schools, 
young  people's  and  general  church  conventions;  the  enlist- 
ment of  young  men  and  women  in  Christian  work  as  a  life- 
service;  cooperation  with  governing  committees  of  all  kinds 
of  religious  agencies  concerning  their  missionary  educational 
policies  and  programs;  the  publication  or  distribution  of 
interdenominational  missionary  magazines  and  reports;  and 
in  general  serving  as  a  clearing-house  in  missionary  educa- 
tional matters  for  the  mission  boards  and  their  respective 
denominations.  In  all  of  these  activities  social  education, 
social  evangelism,  and  social  service  are  emphasized. 

The  Movement  is  supervised  by  a  Board  of  Managers  of 
sixty-three  mission  board  secretaries  and  laymen  representing 
twenty  denominations.  It  has  a  staff  of  eight  secretaries. 
Its  support  is  received  chiefly  from  personal  donations.  Its 
literature  is  published  at  cost  price. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      85 

Young  Men's  Christian  Association  and  Young  Women's 
Christian  Association 

These  organizations  have  come  to  regard  themselves  more 
definitely  as  auxiliary  forces  of  the  church — a  definite  part 
of  the  church  life  of  the  country. 

International  Committee  of  the  Young  Men's 

Christian  Associations 

124  East  28th  Street,  New  York  City 

The  International  Committee  has  no  specific  department 
of  Social  Service,  but  social  service  is  a  phase  of  all  of  its 
work,  for  the  fundamental  principle  of  each  of  its  depart- 
ments is  to  promote  the  work  of  that  department  in  its 
largest  possible  ministry  to  the  needs  of  men  and  boys. 

The  departments  which  more  nearly  approximate  pure 
social  service  are: 

The  Industrial  Department,  which  promotes  its  work  in 
industrial  communities,  in  logging  camps  and  in  mining 
centers.  In  this  work  the  Association  ministers  to  the 
recreative,  health,  and  social  needs  of  men.  English  is 
taught  to  foreigners  and  the  latter  are  met  at  the  ports  of 
entry  and  at  their  final  points  of  destination,  thus  bringing 
them  in  contact  with  wholesome  and  representative  young 
men.  A  special  service  of  great  value  is  the  enlistment  of  col- 
lege students  and  alumni  in  service  for  foreign  speaking  men. 

The  County  Department,  which  seeks  to  coordinate  in  its 
policy  all  of  the  forces  in  the  community,  including  the 
church,  school,  and  grange,  in  work  for  the  common  good. 
Community  surveys,  health  institutes,  play  demonstrations 
and  play  picnics  are  promoted,  thus  reconstructing  the 
recreative  and  social  life  of  the  community.  A  play  manual 
has  been  written  for  rural  teachers. 

Community  Boys'  Work.  In  this  plan  no  central  equip- 
ment is  needed.  The  secretary  of  the  Association  gives  his 
entire  time  to  the  community,  energizing  school,  church, 
playgrounds,  scout  organizations,  in  their  relation  to  the  boys 
of  the  entire  community  undertaking  such  specific  tasks 
as  may  be  most  essential  in  meeting  the  unmet  needs. 


86    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

A  tremendous  volume  of  social  service  work,  however,  is 
done  through  the  general  departments  of  the  Association. 

In  the  Physical  Department,  with  the  aid  of  the  several 
training  agencies,  hundreds  of  men  have  been  trained  as 
physical  directors  for  colleges,  schools,  and  churches.  In  a 
single  year  as  many  as  three  thousand  volunteer  leaders 
have  been  furnished  for  playgrounds  and  churches  and 
other  organizations.  These  volunteer  leaders  alone  have 
served  over  400,000  men  and  boys  annually.  Over  one  hun- 
dred cities  have  Sunday  School  Athletic  Leagues  directed 
by  Association  leaders.  A  unique  swimming  campaign  has 
been  originated  and  promoted  in  which  local  Associations 
throw  open  their  natatoriuras  to  the  public  and  provide  free 
swimming  lessons.  About  30,000,  40,000,  and  50,000  indi- 
viduals have  been  taught  to  swim  during  the  past  three  years 
and  fully  150,000  were  given  lessons.  Several  thousand  indi- 
viduals have  taken  the  Association's  life  saving  tests. 

In  the  Educational  Department  the  Association  seeks  to 
furnish  to  men  and  boys  already  at  work  courses  of  study 
which  will  fit  them  more  efficiently  as  wage-earners  and 
which  will  increase  their  earning  capacity. 

In  the  Student  or  College  Department  three  men  are 
giving  all  of  their  j  time  to  promoting  social  study  and 
service.  One  of  these  men  is  directing  a  campaign  of  sex 
education  in  the  colleges,  employing  the  services  of  three 
able  lecturers  who  will  cover  the  principal  institutions  of 
the  country  each  year,  working  through  local  Associations. 
Several  pieces  of  printed  matter  have  been  issued  setting 
forth  the  social  service  program,  in  which  students  can 
cooperate.  The  Alumni  Movement,  which,  in  brief,  has  to 
do  with  relating  college  graduates  to  all  forms  of  service 
through  the  church  and  other  agencies  in  the  cities  and  rural 
communities  where  college  graduates  locate,  is  being  actively 
promoted.  The  Department,  too,  is  conducting  an  aggressive 
campaign  for  recruits  for  professional  social  service  and  is 
able  to  relate  them  to  the  organizations  that  are  needing 
their  services. 

In  the  Army  and  Navy  Department  the  ample  provision 
by  the  Association   for   social  intercourse,   games,   reading 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      87 

matter,  as  well  as  banking  privileges,  make  for  very  definite 
results  in  social  as  well  as  individual  service.  For  instance, 
the  Association  in  the  Navy  handles  for  safekeeping  and 
permanent  deposit  something  over  $700,000  a  year  for  the 
sailors.  Over  6,000  men  have  joined  the  Total  Abstinence 
League  in  the  past  three  years. 

The  methods  and  influence  of  the  organization  follow  the 
fleet  wherever  it  goes. 

Local  Associations  carry  on  a  remarkable  volume  and 
variety  of  social  service  activities.  There  is  a  movement  to 
establish  men's  hotels  where  young  men  in  very  modest 
circumstances  can  find  lodging. 

The  Associations  are  also  valuable  factors  in  finding 
employment  for  men,  this  work  having  grown  to  large  and 
important  proportions. 

This  social  service  is  done  in  the  spirit  of  Christian 
service,  as  an  expression  of  the  religious  life  and  as  an 
effort  to  promote  more  completely  the  program  of  the  king- 
dom of  God. 

For  several  years  a  Social  Service  Society,  composed  of 
employed  officers  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion, was  in  existence,  which  stimulated  the  Associations  to 
engage  in  a  more  extensive  social  service  program.  Annual 
conferences  were  held  and  the  following  topics  considered: 
The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  and  Health,  The 
Lnmigrant  and  the  Community,  Juvenile  Delinquency.  The 
proceedings  are  in  print  and  contain  important  pronounce- 
ments upon  the  subjects  discussed. 

National   Board   of  the   Young   Women's   Christian 
Associations 

600  Lexington  Avenue,  New  York  City 

Purpose:  The  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  aims 
to  promote  the  physical,  social,  intellectual,  moral,  and 
spiritual  interests  of  young  women.  To  do  this  it  undertakes 
in  city,  country,  and  student  communities  many  forms  of 
,serviee,  aiming  always  to  supplement  rather  than  to  duplicate 


88    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

the  work  of  other  organizations.  It  is  the  interdenomina- 
tional agency  of  the  church  in  many  forms  of  Christian 
social  service  which  can  better  be  carried  on  by  all  the 
churches  working  together  than  by  each  alone. 

Organization:  For  the  effective  promotion  of  this  work 
throughout  the  country  the  local  Associations  are  united  in 
a  national  organization  with  headquarters  in  New  York 
City  and  substations  for  the  various  "fields"  into  which  the 
country  is  divided  in  eleven  different  cities. 

Activities :  The  work  of  this  national  organization  includes : 

1.  The  establishment  of  new  Associations  and  an  advisory 
relationship  to  all  local  organizations.  For  this  work  there 
is  a  staff  of  more  than  one  hundred  employed  officers, 
besides  many  volunteer  workers. 

2.  The  training  of  workers.  A  National  Training  School 
in  New  York,  registering  about  fifty  students  yearly  and 
conducting  courses  on  religious  and  social  subjects,  develops 
leadership  for  local  and  national  positions. 

3.  The  holding  of  eleven  summer  conferences  in  different 
sections  of  the  country  and  many  smaller  camps  and  confer- 
ences throughout  the  year  for  the  inspiration  and  training  of 
both  leaders  and  members. 

Lines  of  service  which  are  being  especially  emphasized 
at  present  are: 

1.  The  education  of  the  Association  membership  on  such 
fundamental  subjects  as  thrift  and  efficiency,  social  morality 
and  character  standards.  Thoroughgoing  plans  for  the  pro- 
motion of  ideals  in  these  directions  have  been  made  and  are 
being  carried  out  by  three  especially  appointed  commissions. 

2.  The  development  of  Association  work  in  forms  specially 
adapted  to  meet  the  needs  of  certain  distinct  groups  of 
young  women,  such  as, 

(i)  Immigration  and  foreign  community  work.  This  in- 
cludes the  establishment  in  cities  having  a  large  foreign 
population  of  an  international  institute,  with  foreign-speaking 
workers. 

(2)  Colored  work.  Associations  are  being  organized  in 
schools  for  colored  women,  and  in  many  cities  branch  Asso- 
ciations for  colored  women  are  formed  in  connection  with 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      89 

the  regular  Association.     In  these,  leadership  is  largely  in 
the  hands  of  colored  women  themselves. 

(3)  County  work.  An  especially  adapted  form  of  the 
Association  organization  has  been  worked  out  for  country 
districts.  Here  the  Association  aims  to  be  a  centralizing  and 
spiritualizing  force  in  the  country  life  movement,  developing 
not  so  much  a  distinctive  work  of  its  own,  but  rather  con- 
tributing its  leadership  to  the  other  religious  and  social 
efforts  in  the  community. 

(4)  Industrial  work.  This  deals  largely  with  young  women 
in  factories  and  industrial  centers.  It  establishes  self-govern- 
ing clubs  in  which  Association  leaders  study  with  the  girls 
the  industrial  and  social  problems  which  they  face,  helping 
to  develop  in  them  not  only  a  social  consciousness  and  a 
sense  of  their  own  solidarity  and  interdependence,  but  Chris- 
tian leadership  as  well. 

3.  The  development  of  a  more  thorough  understanding 
of  present-day  social  problems  on  the  part  of  the  Association 
leadership,  both  national  and  local.  The  effort  that  is  being 
made  in  this  respect  has  expressed  itself  in  the  following: 

(i)  Special  courses  of  study  for  leaders,  including  indus- 
trial history,  current  industrial  and  social  problems,  and 
labor  organizations  among  women,  and  also  the  teachings 
of  Jesus  as  they  are  related  to  our  present  social  life. 

(2)  Research  work  by  an  especially  appointed  commission 
on  the  question  of  household  employment,  looking  toward 
some  helpful  contribution  from  the  Association  to  the  solu- 
tion of  this  perplexing  problem. 

International  Peace   and  Arbitration 

This  field  is  usually  covered  by  the  Social  Service  agencies 
of  the  denominations,  in  many  cases  by  special  committees. 

This  important  international  form  of  social  service  is 
fostered  by  all  the  denominational  agencies.  The  Federal 
Council  has  a  separate  organized  Commission  on  Peace  and 
Arbitration  of  great  influence,  which  has  been  instrumental 
in  bringing  about  the  organization  of  the  Church  Peace 
Union  and  the  World  Alliance  of  the  Churches. 


90    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

In  cooperation  with  the  Commission  on  Peace  and  Arbi- 
tration the  Federal  Council  has  a  Commission  on  Relations 
with  Japan  which  has  published  an  investigation  of  the 
Japanese  situation  in  California  and  sent  President  Shailer 
Mathews  and  the  Rev.  Sidney  L.  Gulick  as  a  Christian 
embassy  to  the  churches  and  people  of  Japan. 

In  cooperation  with  the  Federal  Council  Commission  on 
Christian  Education,  Sunday-school  lessons  on  international 
peace  and  international  relations  have  been  prepared  for  the 
Sunday-school  quarterlies,  as  well  as  a  handbook  for  teachers 
and  classes. 

The  chairman  is  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Remensnyder,  and  the 
secretary  the  Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland,  105  East  22nd 
Street,  New  York  City.  The  associate-secretary  of  the 
Commission  and  the  representative  of  the  Commission  on 
Relations  with  Japan  is  the  Rev.  Sidney  L.  Gulick. 

HOME  AND  FOREIGN  MISSIONS 

From  the  very  beginning  the  work  of  the  denominational 
Boards  of  Home  Missions  has  been  that  of  Social  Regenera- 
tion. The  reports  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission  on 
Home  Missions  (secretary.  Rev.  Charles  S.  Macfarland, 
105  East  22nd  Street),  New  York  City,  and  of  the  Home 
Missions  Council,  should  be  consulted  for  information. 

The  various  reports  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Boards  con- 
tain a  large  amount  of  important  information  relative  to  the 
spirit  of  the  social  gospel  in  connection  with  foreign  mission 
work  which  has  in  many  respects  been  more  influential  than 
the  work  of  the  churches  at  home. 

Social  service  has  received  increased  emphasis  during  the 
past  two  years  in  both  the  home  and  foreign  field.  Organiza- 
tions are  springing  up  in  various  foreign  mission  fields  for 
the  promotion  of  social  service  ideals  and  the  further  develop- 
ment of  community  service.  More  definite  attention  to 
community  needs  is  also  apparent  in  the  home  mission  field. 
Not  a  little  of  this  increased  emphasis  is  due  to  the  activity 
of  the  Missionary  Education  Movement.  Its  text-books  for 
1914  were  The  Social  Aspects  of  Foreign  Missions  and  The 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      91 

New  Home  Missions.  Its  Library  of  Social  Progress  in- 
cludes books  dealing  both  with  the  social  aspects  of  foreign 
work  and  with  the  relation  of  the  home  church  to  the  needs 
of  its  immediate  community. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Commission  on  the  Chufch  and 
Social  Service  of  the  Federal  Council  is  a  member  of  the 
Commission  on  Cooperation  and  Unity  of  the  Congress  on 
Christian  Work  in  Latin  America.  The  report  of  this  Com- 
mission, to  be  presented  at  Panama  in  February,  contains 
an  illuminating  discussion  on  the  part  which  social  work  is 
to  play  in  the  evangelization  of  the  Latin-American  nations. 

A  representative  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission  on 
the  Church  and  Social  Service,  the  Rev.  Frank  Mason 
North,  recently  visited  the  Far  East  in  connection  with  his 
denominational  work,  but  accepted  the  appointment  of  the 
Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  as  its  repre- 
sentative in  this  interest. 

OTHER  RELIGIOUS  BODIES 

The  American  Unitarian  Association  created  a  Depart- 
ment of  Social  and  Public  Service  in  1908.  The  Secretary 
is  the  Rev.  Elmer  S.  Forbes,  of  Boston.  The  Department  has 
conducted  a  Bureau  of  Council  and  Information,  organized 
a  Lending  Library,  promoted  lecture  courses  in  the  churches, 
putting  a  lecturer  in  the  field,  and  has  planned  consecutive 
Social  Service  Institutes  or  Conferences  in  various  parts 
of  the  country.  Its  most  notable  work  has  been  the  publica- 
tion of  a  series  of  22  pamphlets  on  various  social  service 
topics,  which  are  a  distinct  contribution  to  the  literature  of 
the  question.  From  the  beginning  the  Department  has  espe- 
cially emphasized  Housing  Reform  as  one  of  the  most 
fundamental  of  social  questions. 

In  1912  the  Unitarian  Commission  on  the  Church  and  the 
Social  Question  recommended  that  a  number  of  committees 
should  be  formed  in  the  Department  of  Social  and  Public 
Service,  to  consider  problems  of  social  interest  and  to  sug- 
gest ways  in  which  the  churches  could  bring  their  influence 
to   bear  upon   them.     Eighteen   committees   have   been   or- 


92    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

ganized,  and  all  but  one  have  presented  reports  of  progress 
which  have  been  published  and  distributed  in  a  separate 
pamphlet.  To  carry  out  the  suggestions  of  these  general 
committees,  social  service  committees  are  being  organized 
in  the  local  churches.  The  Commission  also  recommended 
that  theological  students  should  have,  wherever  possible, 
a  year's  residence  in  some  social  center,  like  South  End 
House  in  Boston,  or  Hull  House  in  Chicago,  where  they 
may  get  a  first-hand  acquaintance  with  the  problems  of 
poverty  and  industrialism,  and  where  they  may  be  trained  to 
deal  practically  with  the  questions  which  they  will  meet 
in  parochial  administration.  The  Department  plans  an  ex- 
tension of  its  field  lectureship,  and  efforts  to  enlist  the 
churches  in  securing  the  passage  of  social  legislation. 

This  year  this  Department  is  conducting  together  with  the 
Meadville  Theological  School  a  Social  Service  Institute. 

"The  Unitarian  Fellowship  for  Social  Justice"  is  an  un- 
official organization  that  is  continually  urging  the  denomina- 
tion in  the  direction  of  the  Christian  reconstruction  of  the 
social  order. 

The  Universalist  Church.  A  Commission  on  Social  Service 
was  organized  in  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  in  191 1,  as  a 
part  of  the  General  Convention  of  the  Universalist  Church. 

Dr.  Frank  O.  Hall,  New  York,  Chairman;  Prof.  Clarence 
R.  Skinner,  Tufts  College,  Secretary;  Rev.  Frederick  Per- 
kins, Lynn,  Massachusetts,  Information  Department;  Rev. 
Levi  M.  Powers,  Literature  Department;  Rev.  Harold  Mar- 
shall, Melrose,  Massachusetts,  Open  Forum  Department; 
Mr.  John  R.  Shilladay,  New  York  City,  Unemployment; 
Rev.  John  Van  Schaick,  Washington,  D.  C,  Cooperation 
Department;  Mr.  Orlando  Lewis,  New  York  City,  Delin- 
quency Department;  Rev.  Eugene  Bartlett,  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  Social  Service  Classes;  Mrs.  Marion  Shutter,  Minne- 
apolis, Minnesota,  Women's  Societies ;  Rev.  Fred  Moore, 
Chicago,  Illinois,  Western  Representative. 

At  Chicago,  in  19 13,  the  Church  adopted  as  its  distinctive 
Social  Service  policy  the  establishment  and  encouragement 
of  the  Open  Forum  movement  in  its  churches,  and  in  com- 
munities where  it  is  not  feasible  to  operate  a  church  forum, 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      93 

the  establishment  of  community  forums.  Rev.  Harold  Mar- 
shall, chairman  of  this  Department,  is  also  chairman  of 
the  new  "Cooperative  Forum  Bureau,"  with  offices  in  Boston. 
Many  Universalist  churches  have  operated  the  open  forum, 
notably  those  at  Melrose,  Lowell,  and  Dorchester,  Massachu- 
setts; Stamford,  Connecticut;  New  York  City;  Chicago; 
Utica,  New  York,  and  others. 

In  the  Department  of  Literature  the  following  have  been 
issued:  "A  Social  Service  Bibliography,"  "A  Minimum 
Social  Service  Program,"  "Social  Service  for  the  Univer- 
salist Church."  An  annual  number  of  the  Universalist 
Leader  devoted  to  Social  Service  Interests,  "Social  Service 
Implications  of  the  Universal  Fatherhood  of  God."  "Hand 
Book  of  the  Men's  League  of  the  Universalist  Church, 
containing  detailed  plan  of  service  for  Men's  clubs."  Just 
issued:  Social  Implications  of  Universalism,  by  Professor 
Clarence  R.  Skinner,  Secretary.     Price,  50  cents. 

The  ideal  of  the  Commission  is  to  cooperate  through  other 
organizations  wherever  possible.  Members  of  the  commis- 
sion have  rendered  distinguished  service  in  the  following 
fields :  Peace,  Unemployment,  Open  Forum  Movement,  Delin- 
quency, Organized  Charity,  Legislation. 

It  is  the  plan  of  the  Commission  to  establish  State  Com- 
missions where  feasible.  These  have  been  formed  in: 
Massachusetts,  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Connec- 
ticut, New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Illinois. 

The  following  organizations  also  have  their  Social  Ser- 
vice Departments :  Women's  Missionary  Society,  General 
Sunday  School  Association,  Young  People's  Christian  Union, 
and  National  League  of  Universalist  Laymen. 

In  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  there  is  the  Social  Service 
Commission  of  the  American  Federation  of  Catholic  Societies. 
The  Secretary  is  the  Rev.  Peter  E.  Dietz,  Hot  Springs, 
North  Carolina,  care  of  American  Academy  of  Christian 
Democracy. 

Social  Service,  according  to  the  heart  of  the  Catholic 
Federation,  is  a  spiritual  thing  primarily,  dedicated  to  the 
glory  of  God  and  the  salvation  of  souls.  Among  the  "rules  of 
Pope  Pius  X"  for  the  guidance  of  Roman  Catholics  in  the 


94    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

field  of  social  action,  the  following  is  set  forth:  "In  per- 
forming its  functions.  Christian  democracy  is  most  strictly- 
bound  to  depend  upon  ecclesiastical  authority,  and  to  render 
full  submission  and  obedience  to  the  Bishops  and  those  who 
represent  them."  Upon  the  basis  of  Pope  Leo's  Encyclical 
on  Labor,  the  Federation  expresses  its  sympathy  with  every 
legitimate  effort  to  obtain  certain  industrial  standards,  which 
are  practically  those  adopted  by  the  Federal  Council  of 
Churches.  The  Federation  urges  "also  possible  cooperation 
with  other  institutions,  providing  for  the  welfare  of  the 
more  handicapped  members  of  society,  the  emigrant,  the 
colonist,  the  unorganized  worker,  and  the  helpless."  And 
recommends  "social  study  circles,  lecture  courses,  confer- 
ences, institutes  for  merchants  and  mechanics,  and  the  study 
of  cooperative  movements,  especially  among  farmers."  It 
makes  a  special  declaration  regarding  the  white  slave  traffic, 
divorce,  and  world  peace. 

In  the  "Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Catholic  Societies,"  there  is  a  social  service  department  of 
four  pages,  a  large  part  of  which  is  occupied  with  argu- 
ments against  Socialism.  It  also  treats  general  social  ques- 
tions and  reports  and  practical  social  service  undertakings. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Commission  is  also  Secretary  of 
the  Militia  of  Christ,  an  organization  of  Catholic  trade- 
unionists,  and  of  Catholics  who  accept  "the  principles  of 
trade-unions."  Non-Catholics  are  admitted  as  associate 
members.  This  body  believes  "that  the  present  organiza- 
tion of  society,  in  so  far  as  it  is  Christian,  is  right" ;  believes 
"neither  in  the  anarchy  of  irresponsible  wealth" — "nor  in 
the  anarchy  of  irresponsible  labor";  "that  every  man  has 
a  right  to  possess  property  even  in  the  toil  of  production; 
for  when  a  man  engages  in  remunerative  labor,  an  impelling 
reason  and  motive  of  his  work  is  to  obtain  property,  and 
thereafter  to  hold  it  as  his  very  own";  believes  "that  labor 
has  the  right  to  organize,  and  holds  that  its  organization 
should  be  so  conducted  as  to  furnish  to  each  individual 
thereof  the  opportunity  to  better  his  condition."  Its  mem- 
bers organize  therefore,  "first  of  all,  to  educate  ourselves 
to   the   better   understanding  of   sound   principles   of   social 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      95 

justice,  the  rights  and  duties  of  individuals,  whether  em- 
ployer or  employee"; — "To  promote  the  spirit  of  fraternity 
rather  than  that  of  class  hatred;  the  cause  of  industrial 
peace  rather  than  war;  the  protection  of  the  individual 
rather  than  the  creation  of  state  monopoly."  An  article 
by  the  secretary  is  entitled  "There  Must  Be  a  Catholic  Pro- 
gram of  Labor  in  the  United  States." 

Social  service  activities  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  are 
not  unified,  apart  from  the  Catholic  Federation  and  Social 
Service  Commission.  There  is  the  National  Conference  of 
Catholic  Charities,  the  Rev.  William  J.  Kerby,  Secretary, 
Catholic  University,  Washington,  D.  C.  The  German  Catholic 
Federation  has  been  very  prominently  identified  with  social 
service  through  its  central  bureau.  Temple  Building,  St. 
Louis,  Mo.  In  addition  to  these  large  organizations  there 
are  a  great  many  subsidiary  ones  doing  social  work  inde- 
pendently. 

The  various  Jewish  bodies  have  their  committees  and  com- 
missions in  the  field  of  social  service.  The  Central  Con- 
ference of  American  Rabbis  has  committees  on:  Depend- 
ents, Defectives,  and  Delinquents;  on  Civil  and  Religious 
Marriage  Laws;  on  Church  and  State;  on  Synagogue  and 
the  Working  Man,  which  has  since  been  named  "The  Syna- 
gogue and  Industrial  Relations."  In  191 1  the  Conference 
adopted  the  following  plan  and  basis  for  the  work  of  this 
committee : 

Secure  a  record  of  the  activity  of  its  constituency  in 
behalf  of  the  Jewish  laborer,  and  in  the  cause  of  industrial 
reform. 

Compile  a  report  of  industrial  reforms  already  adopted 
or  proposed  by  Jewish  employers  of  labor  in  all  lines  of 
industry. 

Collect  data  as  a  record  of  the  achievements  of  Jews  as 
leaders  of  theory  and  practice  in  industrial  reform. 

Compile  a  select  list  of  articles,  sermons,  essays,  and  other 
literary  productions  that  reflect  the  moral  aspect  of  the 
industrial  conflict. 

Investigate  the  subject  of  synagogue  administration,  cov- 
ering membership  dues  and  assessments,  to  ascertain  to  what 


96    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

extent  present  methods  affect  the  membership  of  the  laborer 
in  the  synagogue. 

The  Executive  Committee  is  instructed  to  select  a  Sab- 
bath in  the  year  in  which  all  members  of  the  Conference 
are  requested  to  preach  to  their  respective  congregations  on 
the  moral  effects  of  labor. 

The  committee  is  authorized,  subject  to  the  approval 
of  the  Executive  Committee,  to  publish  a  brief  bulletin  of  its 
study  in  the  field  of  industry  for  circulation  among  members 
of  the  Conference. 

In  1912  the  Committee  urged  all  members  of  the  Con- 
ference to  redouble  their  efforts  to  better  economic  condi- 
tions of  the  Jewish  working  people;  that  in  each  community 
some  provision  should  be  made  to  minister  to  the  religious 
needs  of  the  working  people  who  are  sympathetic  to  our 
cause ;  that  the  members  of  the  Conference  in  their  respective 
communities  seek  to  interest  capable  young  men  and  women, 
with  inclinations  to  social  service  and  with  sound  Jewish 
feelings,  to  train  for  a  work  which  will  enable  them  to  act 
as  intermediaries  between  the  working  people  and  the  syna- 
gogue, to  effect  a  reconciliation  between  the  two  forces, 
industry  and  religion,  which  are  right  royal  partners  in  the 
Jewish  system  of  ethics. 

The  members  of  the  Conference  have  frequently  served  on 
Committees  to  adjust  industrial  difficulties.  The  members  of 
the  Conference  have  also  given  many  sermons  and  addresses  on 
the  subject  of  industrial  peace,  and  many  Jewish  merchants  and 
manufacturers  have  inaugurated  many  of  the  best  industrial 
reforms  for  the  good  of  their  employees. 

The  Conference  has  adopted  in  its  Constitution  as  Sec- 
tion II  of  Article  3  of  the  By-laws  the  following  clause: 

The  Committee  on  Synagogue  and  Industrial  Relations  shall 
represent  the  synagogue  as  a  teacher  of  social  justice.  It  shall 
endeavor  to  promote  a  better  understanding  between  employers 
and  employees.  It  shall  tender  its  services,  whenever  necessary, 
to  bring  about  a  reconciliation  between  employers  and  employees. 
It  shall  cooperate  with  similar  committees  of  other  churches  to 
advance  the  cause  of  justice  and  mutual  good-will  in  the 
industrial  realm. 


Church  Social  Service  Organizations      97 

At  the  present  time  the  Conference  has  a  Social  Justice 
Commission  which  is  investigating,  with  a  view  to  reaching 
practical  results,  the  ethical  phases  of  the  industrial  problem. 
At  the  last  Conference,  in  Charlevoix,  Michigan,  July,  191 5, 
the  Commission,  in  introducing  its  study  of  several  phases 
of  the  subject  of  Social  Justice,  prefaced  the  report  with 
the  following  introductory  statement: 

During-  the  past  year  your  Commission  on  Social  Justice  and 
the  Committee  on  Synagogue  and  Industrial  Relations  held  five 
meetings  in  New  York  City:  February  8,  March  8,  April  19, 
May  24,  and  June  4.  It  was  at  once  recognized  by  the  members 
of  the  Commission  that  its  task  was  so  tremendous  and  its 
responsibility  so  serious  as  to  make  it  impossible  to  hope  to  do 
more  than  present  for  this  year  a  small  part  of  a  large  program 
which  shall  develop  from  year  to  year. 

The  Commission  has  begun  an  investigation  of  certain  phases 
of  social  justice  in  the  industrial  world.  Although  the  members 
of  the  Committee  have  studied  the  questions  of  Social  Insurance 
and  Pensions,  the  Minimum  Wage,  the  Settlement  of  Industrial 
Disputes,  the  Right  of  the  Workers  to  Organize,  and  the  Co- 
operative System  of  Industry,  it  deems  it  best  to  report  this 
year  on  the  following  phases  of  the  subject  of  Social  Justice: 
Child  Labor,  Housing  Reform,  Regularization  of  Labor,  the 
Right  of  Organization,  and  the  Abolition  of  Poverty. 


SOCIAL  SERVICE  ORGANIZATIONS   IN  ENGLAND 

There  are  various  matters  in  the  Social  Service  Program 
which  are  of  international  concern,  for  instance,  the  war 
against  war,  and  the  attack  upon  white  slavery.  Certain 
industrial  conditions  are  also  common  to  several  countries. 
In  England  and  in  the  United  States,  the  churches  are  now 
dealing  with  the  moral  and  spiritual  aspects  of  the  living 
wage  question.  In  the  natural  order  of  things,  therefore,  the 
Social  Service  movement  wull  increasingly  tend  to  become 
international. 

It  is  impossible  to  include  accounts  of  the  activities  of  the 
highly  effective  denominational  social  service  agencies  of 
England.     Some  of  them  have  issued  most  valuable  pam- 


98     Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

phlets  which  may  be  obtained  from  their  Secretaries  (see 
Directory,  page  9).  Only  those  which  are  interdenomina- 
tional can  be  mentioned. 

The  Interdenominational  Conference  of  Social  Service 
Unions,  in  England,  organized  in  1909,  meets  twice  each 
year,  bringing  together  the  leaders  of  denominational  social 
service  unions. 

This  Conference  correlates  the  policy  of  these  unions  and 
holds  a  united  summer  school  to  consider  the  one  subject 
which  has  been  chosen  for  study  by  the  various  constituent 
bodies  during  the  following  year.  The  Secretary  of  this 
Conference,  from  whom  a  handbook  can  be  obtained,  is  Miss 
Lucy  Gardner,  the  Mill  House,  Wormingford,  Colchester, 
England. 

The  National  Council  of  the  Evangelical  Free  Churches, 
the  organization  which  unites  the  Non-conformist  churches, 
has  formed  a  Social  Questions  Committee,  the  object  of 
which  has  been  thus  defined,  "to  affirm  the  social  redemptive 
mission  of  the  Evangelical  Free  Churches  of  England,  and 
to  make  practical  suggestions  as  to  how  that  mission  can  best 
be  fulfilled."  The  National  Council,  in  forming  this  Com- 
mittee, has  ranged  itself  in  line  with  the  Christian  Social 
Union,  which  has  been  formed  by  members  of  the  Anglican 
Church,  and  with  the  Scottish  Christian  Social  Union,  which 
has  been  formed  by  representatives  of  the  Evangelical 
Churches  of  Scotland. 

The  objects  of  those  two  Unions  have  been  set  forth 
more  explicitly,  and  with  more  fulness,  but  practically  they 
are  identical  with  those  of  the  Social  Questions  Committee 
of  the  National  Free  Church  Council,  and  it  is  hoped  that 
the  three  bodies  will  not  only  work  in  harmony  with  one 
another,  but  cooperate  in  numerous  ways  to  promote  the 
social  well-being  of  the  people. 

There  are  three  duties  which  the  National  Council  has 
thus  devolved  upon  the  Social  Questions  Committee,  which 
it  has  formed: 

I.  The  study  of  Christ's  teaching,  and  of  the  funda- 
mental principles  of  the  Christian  faith  in  relation  to  the 
social  problems  of  our  time. 


Church  Social  Sei-vice  Organizations      99 

2.  The  upholding  of  Christ's  authority  as  the  Lord  and 
Redeemer  of  human  society,  as  well  as  of  individuals. 

3.  The  wise  direction  of  Christian  redemptive  efforts,  so 
as  to  abate  and  remedy  great  social  evils,  which  degrade 
human  life. 

The  National  Conference  Union  for  Social  Service  was 
founded  in  1906  at  one  of  the  triennial  assemblies  of  the 
Unitarian,  Liberal  Christian,  Free  Christian,  Presbyterian, 
and  other  non-subscribing  and  kindred  Congregations.  The 
special  contribution  which  this  organization  makes  to  the 
social  problem,  in  addition  to  a  serious  study  of  it,  is  the 
application  of  it  to  the  fundamental  principles  of  Liberal 
Christianity.  The  Union  has  carried  through  three  success- 
ful summer  schools  for  the  study  of  social  questions.  The 
presence  at  these  sessions  of  representatives  from  other 
religious  bodies  led  to  the  organization  of  a  United  Inter- 
denominational Summer  School  whose  object  is  "to  discuss 
social  problems  with  definite  Christian  understanding  and 
purpose,  in  the  hope  that  the  underlying  spiritual  significance 
of  social  reform  would  be  made  manifest."  The  school  has 
held  sessions  for  three  summers  and  has  proved  to  be  a 
unique  assemblage,  bringing  together  Anglicans,  Baptists, 
Catholics,  Congregationalists,  Friends,  Presbyterians,  Primi- 
tive Methodists,  Unitarians,  United  Methodists,  Wesleyan 
Methodists,  and  members  of  the  Student  Christian  Move- 
ment, 304  of  them  living,  studying,  and  cooperating  together 
for  a  week. 

The  aim  of  the  Union  is  to  induce  as  many  members  as 
possible  of  the  churches  and  of  societies  connected  with 
them  to  take  up  the  systematic  study  of  social  questions.  It 
invites  those  who  are  already  engaged  in  social  work  to  put 
their  knowledge  and  experience  at  the  disposal  of  all.  It 
seeks  to  induce  all  whom  it  can  influence  to  get  to  know  the 
facts  of  modern  social  and  industrial  life,  either  by  personal 
investigation  or  by  the  study  of  these  facts  as  set  forth  by 
disinterested  and  competent  workers  in  the  social  field.  It 
aims  to  keep  members  of  the  churches  in  touch  with  the 
course  of  social  legislation  and  experiment  in  England  and 
in  other  industrial  countries.     It  provides  bibliographies  and 


100    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

syllabi  of  study  upon  such  questions  as  Housing,  Sweated 
Labor,  Temperance,  Care  of  the  Feeble  Minded,  and  like 
subjects,  either  for  private  use  or  in  classes  or  study  circles, 
and  offers  the  services  of  capable  lecturers  upon  current 
social  and  industrial  topics. 


Ill 

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Publications  and  Bibliography  111 

A  Remedy  for  Industrial  Warfare.     By  Charles  W.  Eliot. 

The  Canadian  Act   for  maintenance  of  industrial  peace. 

The  Social  Conscience  and  the  Religious  Life.     By  Fran- 
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Friendly  Visiting.    By  Mary  E.  Richmond. 

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Rural  Economy  as  a  Factor  in  the  Success  of  the  Church. 
By  Thomas  N.  Carver. 

Prosperous  members  essential  to  a  successful  church. 

The  Relation  of  the  Church  to  the  Social  Worker.     By 
Herbert  Welch. 

The  spiritualization  of  charity  and  social  reform. 

The  Wise  Direction  of  Church  Activities  Toward  Social 
Welfare.    By  Charles  W.  Eliot. 

Points  out  effective  social  work  which  churches  can  do. 

The   Democracy  of  the   Kingdom.     By   Charles   D.   Wil- 
liams. 

The  church  must  stand  for  men  simply  as  men. 

Bad  Housing  and  What  It  Means  to  the  Community.     By 
Albion  Fellows  Bacon. 

The  effect  of  slum  life  on  physical  and  moral  health. 

City  Building  in  Germany.     By  Frederic  C.  Howe. 

Art,  foresight,  and  common-sense  in  city  development. 

Religious  Work  and  Opportunity  in  Country  Towns. 

The  Report  of  a  Committee  of  Investigation. 

Comprehensive  Planning  for   Small  Towns  and  Villages. 
By  John  Nolen. 

How  to  prevent  mistakes  in  the  growth  of  towns. 

The    Inter-relation   of    Social   Movements.      By   Mary    E. 
Richmond. 

Shows  how  different  social  movements  are   connected. 

Vocational  Guidance.     By  Meyer  Bloomfield. 

An  effort  to   fit   youth   for  their   life-work. 

The  Improvement  of  the  Rural  School.  By  Updegraff. 

The  benefit  to  country  life  of  the  socialized  school. 

Knowing  One's  Own  Community.     By  Carol  Aronovici. 

Suggestions  for  social  surveys  of  small  cities  and  towns. 

Social   Service  for  Young  People  in  the  Church  School. 
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The  social  interest  of  young  people  developed  by  service. 


112    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

The  Church  at  Work.     By  Elmer  S.  Forbes. 

Discusses  parish  organization  for  social  work. 

Social  and  Civic  Centers.     By  Edward  J.  Ward. 

Concerned  with  the  larger  use  of  public  school  buildings. 

A  Rural  Experiment.    By  Ernest  Bradley. 

A  study  of  the  recreation  of  a  country  community. 

A  Practical  Platform  for  Social  Progress.    By  Charles  F. 
Dole. 

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The  Rural  Problem  and  the  Country  Minister.    By  Joseph 
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Prisoners'  Work.     By  E.  Stagg  Whitin. 

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Conservation  of  National  Resources. 

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Both  sides  of  the  Servant  Question.     By  Annie  Winsor 
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The  way  out  of  a  difficult  social  problem. 

The  Control  of  Tuberculosis.    By  Mark  W.  Richardson. 

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Copartnership  in  Housing.     By  Paul  Revere  Frothingham. 

An  English  method  of  solving  the  housing  problem. 

The  Church  and  New  Americans.    By  George  W.  Tupper, 

Considers  the  duty  of  Protestant  churches  to  immigrants. 

Problems  and  Opportunities  of  Country  Life.     By  Mar- 
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The  report  of  a  social  survey  in  rural  New  England. 

The  Church  and  the  City.    By  Paul  Moore  Strayer. 

The  task  of  the  church  is  to  make  every  city  a  city  of  God. 

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Publications^  and  Bibliography  113 

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Publications  and  Bibliography  115 

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Publications  and  Bibliography  117 


GENERAL  BIBLIOGRAPHY 
READING  LISTS 

Issued  by  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service 

of  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ 

in  America. 

Human  Documents  of  the  Social  Movement  in  the 
United  States 

A   Course  of  Reading  Specially  Recommended  for   Young 

People 

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Riis.    The  Making  of  an  American.    50  cents,  net. 

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Irvine.    From  the  Bottom  Up.     50  cents,  net. 

Gladden.    Recollections.    $2.50,  net. 

Antin.    The  Promised  Land.    $1.75,  net. 

Anon.     Undistinguished  Americans.     $1.10,  net. 

BarrcHv\^s.    A  Sunny  Life.    $1.50,  net. 

Keller.    Out  of  the  Dark.    $1.00,  net. 

Bacon.    Beauty  for  Ashes.    $1.50,  net. 

A  Brief  List  of  Books  for  Beginners 

Rauschenbusch.     Christianizing  the  Social  Order.     $1.50, 
net. 

Batten.    The  Social  Task  of  Christianity.   $1.25,  net. 
Ward.    The  Social  Creed  of  the  Churches.    50  cents,  net. 
Macfarland.    The  Christian  Ministry  and  the  Social  Order. 
$1.25,  net. 

Devine.     Misery  and  Its  Causes.     50  cents,  net. 

Strong.    The  Next  Great  Awakening.    75  and  35  cents,  net. 

Carlton.    The  Industrial  Situation.    75  cents,  net. 

Gardner.    The  Ethics  of  Jesus  and  Social  Progress.    $1.25, 
net. 


118    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Addams.  The  Spirit  of  Youth  and  the  City  Streets.  50 
cents,  net. 

Ell  wood.    The  Social  Problem.    $1.25,  net. 

Ross.    Sin  and  Society.    $1.00,  net. 

Jenks  and  Lauck.    The  Immigration  Problem.    $1.75,  net. 

Weyl.    The  New  Democracy.    $2.00,  net. 

Wilson.    The  Church  at  the  Center.    50  cents,  prepaid. 

Conyngton.    How  to  Help.    $1.50,  net. 

Felton.    The  Study  of  a  Rural  Parish.    50  cents,  prepaid. 

George.    Progress  and  Poverty.    $1.00,  net. 

Dickinson.  The  Christian  Reconstruction  of  Modern  Life. 
$1.50,  net. 

Gore  and  Others.  Property:  Its  Duties  and  Rights.  $1.40, 
net. 

Sears.    The  Redemption  of  the  City.    50  and  35  cents,  net. 

Croly.    Progressive  Democracy.    $2.00,  net. 

Lippmann.    Preface  to  Politics.    $1.50,  net. 

A  Selected  List  of  Books  on  the  Social  Movement  in 
THE  Churches  of  the  United  States 

Strong.    The  New  World  Life.    50  cents  and  $1.00. 

Strong.     The  New  World  Religion.     $1.50,  net. 

Peabody.  Jesus  Christ  and  the  Social  Question.  50  cents, 
net. 

Rauschenbusch.  Christianity  and  the  Social  Crisis.  50 
cents,  net. 

Brown.  The  Social  Message  of  the  Modern  Pulpit.  50 
cents,  net. 

Gladden.    The  Church  and  Modern  Life.    $1.25,  net. 

Batten.    The  Social  Task  of  Christianity.    $1.25,  net. 

Macfarland.  The  Christian  Ministry  and  the  Social  Order. 
$1.25,  net. 

Mathews.  The  Church  and  the  Changing  Order.  50 
cents,  net. 


Publications  and  Bibliography         119 

Crooker.    The  Church  of  To-day.     50  cents,  net. 

Hodges.    Faith  and  Social  Service.    $1.00,  net. 

Earp.     The  Social  Engineer.     $1.50,  net. 

Wilson.  The  Church  of  the  Open  Country.  60  and  40 
cents,  prepaid. 

Wilson.  The  Evolution  of  a  Country  Community.  $1.35, 
net. 

Butterfield.  The  Country  Church  and  the  Rural  Problem. 
$1.00,  net. 

Ward.    The  Social  Creed  of  the  Churches.    50  cents,  net. 

King.  Theology  and  the  Social  Consciousness.  50  cents, 
net. 

Felton.    The  Study  of  a  Rural  Parish.    50  cents,  prepaid. 

Hyde.    Outlines  of  Social  Theology.    $1.50,  net. 

Hall.  Social  Solutions  in  the  Light  of  Christian  Ethics. 
$1.50,  net. 

Henderson.  Social  Duties  from  the  Christian  Point  of 
View.    $1.25,  net. 

Patten.    The  Social  Basis  of  Religion.    $1.25,  net. 

Vedder.    Socialism  and  the  Ethics  of  Jesus.    50  cents,  net. 

Stelzle.  American  Social  and  Religious  Conditions.  $1.00, 
net. 

Munro.    The  Government  of  American  Cities.    $2.00,  net. 

Streightoff.  Distribution  of  Incomes  in  the  United  States. 
$1.50,  net. 

Smith.  Social  Idealism  and  the  Changing  Theology.  $1.25, 
net 

Kelley.     Modern  Industry.    $i.co,  net. 
Nearing.    Social  Religion.    $1.00,  net, 


120    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

A   COURSE   OF   READING   ON    SOCIAL    SUBJECTS 

FOR  MINISTERS  AND  WORKERS 

Issued  hy  The  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service  of 

the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America 

PART  I 


SUBJECT 


The  Social 
Task  of 
Chris- 
tianity. 


The  Home 


The  City. 


The 
Country 


The 

Industrial 

Problem. 


SUGGESTED 


Rauschenbusc h — 
Christianity  and  the 
Social  Crisis;  Batten — 
The  Social  Task  of 
Christianity;  Macfar- 
land  —  The  Christian 
Ministry  and  the  So- 
cial Order;  Ward— The 
Social  Creed  of  the 
Churches;  Mathews — 
The  Church  and  the 
Changing  Order. 


Thwing—The  Family; 
Riis—The  Peril  and 
Preservation  of  the 
Home;  Dealey  —  The 
Family  in  Its  Socio- 
logical Aspects;  Devine 
The  Family. 


Strong — The  Challenge 
of  the  City;  Sears — 
The  Redemption  of  the 
City;  Coodnow — Mu- 
nicipal Government ; 
Wilcox — Great  Cities 
in  America. 


Butterfield— The  Coun- 
try Church  and  the 
Rural  Problem ;  Fiske 
— The  Challenge  of  the 
Country;  Wilson — 
Evolution  of  the  Coun- 
try Community;  Wil- 
son— The  Church  of 
the  Open  Country; 
Bemies — The  Church 
in  the  Country  Town. 


Rauschenbusc h — 
Christianizing  the  So- 
cial Order;  Red  field — 
The  New  Industrial 
Day;  Carlton — History 
and  Problems  of  Or- 
ganized Labor;  Gore — 
Property:  Its  Duties 
and  Rights;  Hobson — 
Work  and  Wealth. 


ALTERNATIVE 


Taylor  —  Religion  in 
Social  Action;  Dickin- 
son —  The  Christian 
Reconstruction 
of  Modern  Life;  Cut- 
ting— The  Church  and 
Society;  Peabody — 
Jesus  Christ  and  the 
Social  Question. 


Veiller — Housing  Re- 
form ;  S  P  ar  g  o — The 
Bitter  Cry  of  the  Chil- 
dren; Mangold — Child 
Problem  s ;  Cope  — Re- 
ligious Education  in 
the  Family;  Whetham 
The  Family  and  the 
Nation. 


Howard —  Matrimonial 
Institutions;  D  av  e  n- 
port — Heredity  in  Re- 
lation to  Eugenics; 
Forbush — The  Coming 
Generation;  Kin  g — 
Social  Aspects  of  Edu- 
cation. 


Stehle —  Christianity's 
Storm  Center;  Addams 
—The  Spirit  of  Youth 
and  City  Streets; 
Beard — City  Govern- 
m  e  n  t  in  America; 
Munro — The  Govern- 
ment of  American  Cit- 
ies; Riis—ThQ  Battle 
with  the  Slums. 


Gill  and  Pinchot — The 
Country  Church;  But- 
t  e  r  fi  e  I  d — Chapters 
in  Rural  Progress;  An- 
derson— The  Country 
Town;  Plunkett— 
Rural  Life  Problems 
in  the  United  States. 


K  ell  e  y — Modern  In- 
dustry; Adatns  and 
Sumner — Labor  Prob- 
lems; Batten — The  So- 
cial Problem;  Carlton 
— The  Industrial  Sit- 
uation; Balch — Chris- 
tianity and  the  Labor 
Movement;  Wright — 
Practical  Sociology; 
Brook  s — The  Social 
Unrest. 


SUPPLEMENTARY 


Hodges — Faith  and  So- 
cial Service ;  Brown — 
The  Social  Message  of 
the  Modern  Pulpit; 
Carte  r— The  Church 
and  the  New  Age; 
King — Moral  and  Re- 
ligious Challenge  of 
Our  Times. 


Rowe — The  Problems 
of  City  Government: 
Lincoln — The  City  of 
the  Dinner  Pail;  Wood 
—The  City  Wilder- 
ness; Kellogg  —  The 
Pittsburgh  Survey; 
Woodruff — C  o  m  m  i  s  - 
sion  Government. 


Gillette  —  Constructive 
Rural  Sociology;  Car- 
ver —  Principles 
of  Rural  Economics ; 
Report  of  the  Country 
Life  Commission; 
Baily — Country  Life 
Movement. 


Mitchell  —  Organized 
Labor;  Jenks  —  The 
Trust  Problem;  Hob- 
son — The  Evolution  of 
Modem  Capitalism; 
Hearing — Wages  in  the 
United  States;  Stelzle 
— The  Church  and  the 
Working- Man;  K  e  U 
logg—The  Pittsburgh 
Survey. 


Publications  and  Bibliography 

PART  II 


121 


SUBJECT 

SUGGESTED 

ALTERNATIVE 

SUPPLEMENTARY 

The  Social 
Task  of 
Chris- 
tianity. 

Rausclienbusc  h — 
Christianity    and    the 
Social  Crisis;  Batten — 
The    Social    Task    of 
Christianity;     Macfar- 
land  —  The    Christian 
Ministry  and   the   So- 
cial Order;  Ward— The 
Social    Creed    of    the 
Churches;    Mathews — 
The   Church   and   the 
Changing  Order. 

Ely — Outlines  of  Econ- 
omics; PFard— Applied 
Sociology;     Elhvood  — 
Sociology   in   Its   Psy- 
chological        Aspects; 
Small  —  General      So- 
ciology; Cooley — Social 
Organization. 

McKenzie  —  Intro- 
duction to  Social  Phil- 
osophy; Patten  —  The 
New  Basis  of  Civiliza- 
tion ;  Fairbanks  —  In- 
troduction to  So- 
ciology; Ross — Social 
Control. 

The 
Home. 

Thwing — The  Family; 
Riis — The    Peril    and 
Preservation     of     the 
Home ;    Dealey  —  The 
Family    in    Its    Socio- 
logical Aspects;  Devine 
— The  Family. 

Hall— Social  Solutions; 
Watson  —  Social     Ad- 
vance; Henderson — So- 
cial Duties;  Henderson 
— Social     Programmes 
of  the  West;  Addams 
—  Newer      Ideals      of 
Peace. 

Frcmantle—The  World 
as  the  Subject  of  Re- 
demption; Nash — The 
Genesis  of  the  Social 
Conscience;  Ross — Sin 
and  Society;  Addams 
— Democracy  and  So- 
cial Ethics;  Patten — 
The  Social  Basis  of 
Religion. 

The 
City. 

Strong — The  Challenge 
of  the   City;  Sears  — 
The     Redemption     of 
the    City;    Goodnow — 
Municipal  Govern- 
ment;     Wilcox — Great 
Cities  in  America. 

Simkhovitch  — 

Marxism    Versus    So- 
cialism;     Skelton — So- 
cialism; S  p  ar  go 
— Socialism;  Hillquit — 
Socialism  Summed  Up; 
Broo/fei— The  I.  W.W.; 
Ramsey  —  Individual- 
ism; Feeder- Socialism 
and     the     Ethics     of 
Jesus. 

Wells  —  New  Worlds 
for  Old;  5om&flr/— So- 
cialism and  the  Social 
Movement;  Bernstein 
— Evolutionary  Social- 
ism; George — Progress 
and  Poverty;  Wallas — 
The  Great  Society. 

The 
Country 

Butterfield — The  Coun- 
try   Church    and    the 
Rural  Problem;  Fiske 
—The     Challenge     of 
the  Country;  Wilson — 
Evolution  of  the  Coun- 
try Community;   Wil- 
son—The    Church    of 
the     Open     Country; 
Bemies — The     Church 
in  the  Country  Town. 

Willoughby  —  T     h     e 
State;    Lowell— Fuhlic 
Opinion    and    Popular 
Government;     Dole  — 
The  Spirit  of  Democ- 
racy; Wilson  —  The 
State;    Garner — Intro- 
duction    to     Political 
Science. 

Bluntschli  —  The 
Theory  of  the  State; 
Smith — The  Spirit  of 
American  Govern- 
ment; Goodnow — So- 
cial Reform  and  the 
Constitution. 

The 

Industrial 

Problem. 

Rauschenbusc  h — 
Christianizing  the  So- 
cial   Order;   Redfield— 
The     New     Industrial 
Day;  Carlton — History 
and    Problems   of    Or- 
ganized Labor;  Gore- 
Property:    Its    Duties 
and  Rights;  Hobson — 
Work  and  Wealth. 

Smith — Social    Pathol- 
ogy;      Devine — Prin- 
ciples of  Relief;  Healy 
—The  Individual   De- 
linquent;   Hollander — 
The  Abolition  of  Pov- 
e  r  t  y;     Beveridge  — 
Unemployment ;     Hall 
— Crime     and     Social 
Progress;   Hunter 
— Poverty. 

Richmond — The  Good 
Neighbor;  Wines 
— Punishment  and  Re- 
form; Report  of  Com- 
mittee of  Fifteen— The 
Social  Evil;  Addams— 
The  New  Conscience 
and  an  Ancient  Evil; 
Report  of  Committee  of 
Fi/iy— Substitutes  for 
the  Saloon. 

122    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

A  BOOK-A-MONTH  READING  COURSE  ON  SOCIAL 
CHRISTIANITY 

Suggested  by  the  Baptist  Social  Service  Commission 

Rauschenbusch.  Christianity  and  the  Social  Crisis.  50 
cents. 

Batten.    The  Social  Task  of  Christianity.    $1.25. 

Mathews.    The  Social  Teaching  of  Jesus.    50  cents. 

Ward.    The  Social  Creed  of  the  Churches.    50  cents. 

Strong.  The  Challenge  of  the  City.  60  cents  and  40 
cents.  Or  Fiske.  The  Challenge  of  the  Country.  75  cents 
and  50  cents. 

Ellwood.    Sociology  and  Modern  Social  Problems.    $1.00. 

Peabody.    The  Liquor  Problem:  a  Summary.    $1.00. 

Conyngton.     How  to  Help.     $1.50. 

Jenks  and  Lauck.     The  Immigration  Problem.    $1.75. 

Carlton.    History  and  Problems  of  Organized  Labor.  $2.00. 

Weyl.    The  New  Democracy.    $2.00. 

Stelzle.    American  Social  and  Religious  Conditions.   $1.00. 


SOME  SIGNIFICANT  BOOKS  OF  1914-15 
General 

The    Social    Problem,    Ellwood.      Macmillan,    New    York. 

$1.25,  255  pp. 

A  constructive  analysis.  The  different  elements  of  the  social  problem  are 
all  adequately  considered  and  the  outlines  of  a  sound  social  philosophy  are 
drawn. 

The  Great  Society,  Wallas.  Macmillan,  New  York.  $2.00, 
383  PP- 

A  study  in  social  psychology.  It  analyzes  the  general  social  organization 
of  a  large  modern  state. 

Progressive  Democracy,  Croly.  Macmillan,  New  York. 
$2.00,  438  pp. 

A  spiritual  interpretation  of  the  political  and  economic  ideas  that  have 
been  shaping  American  development  since  igi2. 

The    State,    Oppenheimer.      Bobbs-Merrill,    Indianapolis. 

$1.25,  302  pp. 

Presents  the  state  as  the  institution  of  a  dominant  class,  maintained  and 
used  for  purposes  of  economic  exploitation. 


Publications  and  Bibliography  123 

The  Sovereign  People,  Dorchester,  Methodist  Book  Con- 
cern, New  York.    $i.oo,  243  pp. 

A  discussion  of  some  of  the  expressions  and  implications  of  the  move- 
ment toward  democracy. 

Social  Heredity  and  Social  Evolution,  Conn.  Abingdon 
Press,  New  York.    $1.50,  348  pp. 

Contends  that  the  forces  which  can  be  grouped  under  the  head  of  social 
heredity  play  a  larger  part  in  the  control  of  social  evolution  than  do  those 
which  come  under  the  title  of  organic  heredity. 

The  Soul  of  America,  Coit.  Macmillan,  New  York.  $2.00, 
405  pp. 

An  attempt  to  develop  the  sociology  of  religion;  a  Prospectus  of  a  scheme 
for  conserving  and  developing  the  spiritual  resources  of  this  nation. 

The  American  City,  Howe.  Scribners,  New  York.  $1.50, 
383  PP- 

A  study  of  the  American  city  at  work,  based  on  an  intimate  inside 
knowledge.  Reflects  the  view-point  of  men  who  are  doing  things  and  striv- 
ing for  ideals. 

The  Making  of  a  Nation,  Kent  and  Jenks.  Scribners, 
New  York.    75  cents,  100  pp. 

This  is  an  addition  to  the  literature  of  the  social  interpretation  of  Biblical 
history  for  Bible  classes. 

The  Liquor  Problem,  Richardson.  Methodist  Book  Con- 
cern, New  York.    50  cents,  140  pp. 

A  study  course  of  thirteen  lessons  for  Adult  Bible  classes,  dealing  with 
the  various  aspects  of  this  problem. 

The  Field  of  Social  Service,  Davis.  Small-Maynard,  New 
York.    $1.50,  420  pp. 

A  study  course  in  social  service  designed  for  volunteer  social  workers. 

Social  Christianity 

The  Gospel  of  Jesus  and  the  Problems  of  Democracy, 
Vedder.    Macmillan,  New  York.    $1.50,  410  pp. 

Outlines  the  attitude  the  church  must  take  toward  the  outstanding  social 
problems  and  the  measures  it  must  support  for  their  solution. 

The  Ethics  of  Jesus  and  Social  Progress,  Gardner.  Doran, 
New  York.    $1.25,  361  pp. 

A  thoroughly  comprehensive  review  of  the  results  and  demands  of 
Christian  ethics  in  society. 

Social  Institutions  and  Ideals  of  the  Bible,  Soares.  Abing- 
don Press,  New  York.    $1.50,  380  pp. 

A  study  of  the  elements  of  Hebrew  life  in  their  development  from  the 
beginnings  to  the  time  of  Christ,  and  of  the  social  teachings  of  the  prophets, 
sages,  and  of  Jesus. 


124    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

The  New  World  Religion,  Strong.    Doubleday,  New  York. 
$1.50,  526  pp. 

This  is  a  vigorous  challenge  to  organized  Christianity  to  gain  once  more 
the  world  vision  of  its  Founder,  if  it  would  survive. 

Social  Messages,  Barnes.     Methodist  Book  Concern,  New 
York.    50  cents,  100  pp. 

A  summary  of  the  social  messages  of  John  Wesley,   Charles   Kingsley, 
Frederick  D.  Maurice,  and  Frederick  W.  Robertson. 

The  Individual  and  the  Social  Gospel,  Mathews.    Mission- 
ary Education  Movement,  New  York.     25  cents,  84  pp. 

Emphasizes    the    social    work    of   missions;    both    the    home   and    foreign 
standpoints  are  considered. 

The  Socialised  Church 

The  Reconstruction  of  the  Church,  Strayer.     Macmillan, 
New  York.     $1.50,  309  pp. 

Faces    the    weak    points    in    modern    church    life,    and    contains    many 
stimulating,  practical  suggestions  born  of  actual  experience. 

The  Church  as  a  Community  Force,  Tippy.     Missionary 
Education  Movement,  New  York.    50  cents,  80  pp. 

The  story  of  nine  years'  constructive  work  and  of  the  methods  employed. 

Social  Evangelism,   Ward.     Missionary  Education  Move- 
ment, New  York.     50  cents,  145  pp. 

Contends   for  an   evangelism   that  will  comprehend   the   social   order   as 
well  as  the  individual. 

The   Call  of  the   New   Day  to  the   Old   Church,   Stelzle. 
Revell,  New  York.    25  cents,  48  pp. 

Describes    the    great    opportunities    that    are   crowding  upon   the   church, 
and  challenges  to  service  and  to  sacrifice. 

The  Community  Survey  in  Relation  to  Church  Efficiency, 
Carroll.    Abingdon  Press,  New  York.    $1.00,  128  pp. 

A  concrete  example  of  the  modem  method   of  approaching  the  task  of 
the  church. 

Christianity     and     Amusements,     Edwards.       Association 
Press,  New  York.    50  cents,  157  pp. 

Its    approach    to    the    amusement    situation    is    through    personal,    moral 
questions.    It  suggests  a  community  program  both  restrictive  and  constructive. 

Christian    Service    and    the    Modern    World,    Macfarland. 
Revell,  New  York.     75  cents,  140  pp. 

Sets    forth   the  social  expression   of   Christian   experience  in   relation   to 
disease,  industry,  and  internationalism. 

Democracy  in  the  Making,  Coleman.   Little-Brown,  Boston. 
$1.50,  340  pp. 

A  full  account  of  what  has  been   accomplished  at   Ford   Hall   in   seven 
years  of  Sunday  evening  Forum  work. 


Publications  and  Bibliography  125 

The  Church  and  the  People's  Play,  Atkinson.  Pilgrim 
Press,  Boston.    $1.25,  259  pp. 

Sticks  to  the  facts,  judiciously  estimates  the  moral  values  in  recreation, 
and  offers  a  program  for  the  church  in  this  field. 

Social  Christianity  in  the  Orient,  Clough.  Macmillan, 
New  York.    $1.50,  409  pp. 

A  gripping  narrative  of  the  beginning  of  the  great  mass  movement 
among  the  Telugus  in  India,  and  its  effect  upon  the  caste  system. 

The  New  Home  Missions,  Douglass.  Missionary  Educa- 
tion Movement,  New  York.    60  cents,  266  pp. 

Presents  the  intensive  and  social  aspects  of  Home  Missions. 

The  Social  Aspects  of  Foreign  Missions,  Faunce.  Mis- 
sionary Education  Movement,  New  York.    60  cents,  309  pp. 

Deals  with  the  interchange  of  East  and  West,  as  well  as  with  the  social 
values  in  missionary  work. 

Graded  Social  Service  in  the  Sunday  School,  Hutchins. 
University  of  Chicago  Press,  Chicago.    75  cents,  135  pp. 

The  underlying  principles  of  the  subject  are  briefly  sketched.  There  are 
valuable  reports  of  methods  now  in  use,  with  some  account  of  the  results 
obtained. 

The  Place  of  the  Church  in  Evolution,  Tyler.  Houghton- 
Mifflin,  Boston.     $1.10,  201  pp. 

Finds  the  key  and  the  goal  of  evolution  in  the  personality  of  Jesus. 
The  place  of  the  church  is  to  be  the  power-house  from  which  the  spirit  of 
Jesus  is  put  into  life. 

The  City  Church  and  Its  Social  Mission,  Trawick.  Asso- 
ciation Press,  New  York.    60  cents,  166  pp. 

A  study  of  the  city  church  in  relation  to  family  life,  the  public  care  of 
children,  charity,  the  labor  problem,  and  social  vice. 

The  Community  Survey  in  Relation  to  Church  Efficiency. 
Carroll.     Abingdon  Press,  New  York.     $i.oo,  128  pp. 

Shows  clearly  the  church  need  for  the  survey  method,  and  gives 
valuable   directions   for  its  application   in   church   work. 

Comm  u  n  ity  Welfare 

Problems  of  Child  Welfare,  Mangold.  Macmillan,  New 
York.     $2.00,  522  pp. 

No  question  which  directly  touches  the  life  of  the  child  has  been  omitted 
and  the  subject  is  handled  with  thoroughness  and  accuracy. 

Boyhood  and  Lawlessness — The  Neglected  Girl,  Goldmark- 
True.     Russell  Sage  Foundation,  New  York.     $2.00,  358  pp. 

A  searching  study  of  young  life  on  New  York's  West  Side;  a  clear 
warning  that  the  hopeless,  debasing  poverty  of  the  older  countries  is  not 
entirely  unknown  here. 


126    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Safeguards  for  City  Youth  at  Work  and  at  Play,  Bowen. 
Macmillan,  New  York.    $1.50,  241  pp. 

A  record  of  the  experience  of  the  juvenile  Protective  Association  in 
Chicago,  showing  what  must  be  done  to  protect  the  children  of  the  cities. 

Street  Land,  Davis.   Small-Maynard,  Boston.   $1.35,  291pp. 

A  close  observation  of  the  streets  and  their  subtle  relations  to  home, 
work  and  play,  school  and  health,  vice  and  virtue,  and  many  other  important 
phases  of  child  life. 

Industrial 

Work  and  Wealth,  Hobson.  Macmillan,  New  York.  $2.00, 
367  pp. 

An  attempt  to  write  economics  in  terms  of  spiritual  values.  A  funda- 
mental work. 

Modern  Industry,  Kelley.  Longmans,  New  York.  $1.00, 
147  pp. 

A  brief  review  of  the  effects  of  modern  industry  upon  the  family,  health, 
education,  and  morality. 

American  Labor  Unions,  Marot.  Holt,  New  York.  $1.25, 
275  PP- 

An  interpretation  without  obtrusive  comment  revealing  to  the  reader  the 
heart  as  well  as  the  mind  of  labor. 

The  Industrial  Situation,  Carlton.  Revell,  New  York. 
75  cents,  159  pp. 

Treats  the  various  factors — wages,  hours,  trade  unions,  child  labor, 
employers'  associations — with  the  skill  of  a  scholar  and  the  sympathy  of  a 
brother  laborer. 

Violence  and  the  Labor  Movement,  Hunter.  Macmillan, 
New  York.    $1.50,  388  pp. 

Presents  the  long  conflict  between  Anarchism  and  Socialism,  and  sets 
forth  the  story  of  American  labor  struggles. 

The  Church  and  the  Labor  Conflict,  Womer.  Macmillan, 
New  York.    $1.50,  302  pp. 

Summarizes  for  the  preacher  material  familiar  to  the  student  of  this  field. 

Boycotts  and  the  Labor  Struggle,  Laidler.  Lane,  New 
York.    $2.00,  488  pp. 

A  careful  history  of  the  use  of  the  boycott  in  labor  disputes  and  also  of 
its  legal  status. 

Copartnership  and  Profit  Sharing,  Williams.  Holt,  New 
York.    50  cents,  256  pp. 

A  brief  authoritative  statement  of  the  present  state  of  the  movement  in 
England  and  the  United  States. 

Financing  the  Wage  Earner's  Family,  Nearing.  Huebsch, 
New  York.     $1.25,  171  pp. 

A  sequel  to  his  book  on  wages.  This  discussion  is  not  final  but  there 
are  facts  here  which  should  be  widely  known. 


Publications  and  Bibliography  127 

The  Working  Man's  Christ,  Thorns.  Dodd-Mead,  New 
York.    $1.25,  292  pp. 

A  comprehensive  review  of  recent  material  in  the  field  of  social  Chris- 
tianity. 

Conciliation  and  Arbitration  in  the  Coal  Industry  of  Amer- 
ica, Suffern.     Houghton-Mifflin,  Boston.     $2.00,  376  pp. 

A  study  of  the  most  widely  extended  application  of  collective  bargaining 
in  this  country. 

The  Rise  of  the  Working  Class,  Crapsey.  Century,  New 
York.    $1.30,  382  pp. 

Gives  some  interesting  glimpses  into  the  working  class  program  and 
philosophy. 

Citizens  in  Industry,  Henderson.  Appleton,  New  York. 
$1.50,  342  pp. 

Shows  by  concrete  example  how  a  high  grade  of  efficiency  has  been 
obtained,  not  only  in  many  industries  in  America  and  in  England,  but  in 
India,  China,  and  Japan,  where  European  models  have  been  adapted  to 
Oriental  conditions. 

The  Trade  Union  Woman,  Alice  Henry.  Appleton,  New 
York.    $1.50,  314  pp. 

A  concise  account  of  trade  unionism  in  its  relation  to  working  women  in 
the  United  States.     The  only  complete  work  in  this  field. 

Income,  Nearing.    Macmillan,  New  York.    $1.25,  238  pp. 

A  study  of  income  facts  in  the  United  States,  on  the  basis  of  a  new 
classification,  separating  "property  income"  from  "service  income,"  and  out- 
lining their  relationship  and  conflict. 

Socialism 

The  Larger  Aspects  of  Socialism,  Walling.  Macmillan, 
New  York.     $1.50,  406  pp. 

Develops  the  creative  aspects  of  Socialism,  and  relates  it  to  the  scientific 
movement;  also  to  the  practical  questions  of  religion,  education,  morality, 
and  sex. 

Socialism  and  Motherhood,  Spargo.  Huebsch,  New  York. 
60  cents,  128  pp. 

An  appeal  to  mothers  of  the  race  to  recognize  the  contribution  which 
Socialism  offers  to  their  welfare. 

Poverty 

The  Abolition  of  Poverty,  Hollander.  Houghton-Mifflin, 
Boston.    75  cents,  122  pp. 

A  brief,  clear,  and  conservative  putting  of  the  economic  basis  of  the 
hope  of  the  abolition  of  poverty. 

Poverty  and  Wealth,  Ward.  Methodist  Book  Concern, 
New  York.     50  cents,  135  pp. 

Indicates  society's  unquestioned  obligation  to  the  poor,  and  the  social 
causes  of  poverty  upon  which  that  obligation  is  based. 


128    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Poverty  and  Waste,  Withers.     Houghton-Mifflin,  Boston. 
$1.25,  180  pp. 

An  exposition  of  the  responsibility  of  the  consumer  for  the  maintenance 
of  poverty. 

Reducing  the   Cost   of   Living,    Nearing.     Jacobs,   Phila- 
delphia.   $1.25,  343  pp. 

A  detailed  study  of  nine  specific  causes  of  the  high  cost  of  living,  with 
specific  remedies  proposed  for  each. 

The  Exodus  from  Poverty,  Craft.     Economic  Publishing 
Co.,  Bridgeport,  Conn.    $2.00,  254  pp. 

Proposes  the  organization  of  life  and  industry  around  the  principle  of 
giving  in  service,  so  that  prices,  profits,  and  wages  are  unnecessary. 

Peace 

Selected  Quotations  on  Peace  and  War,  Henry  H.  Meyer, 
Editor.    Federal  Council,  New  York.    $1.00,  540  pp. 

A  study  in  Christian  fraternity;  prepared  especially  for  study  classes. 

The   Fight   for   Peace,    Gulick.     Revell,    New   York.     50 
cents,  192  pp. 

Aims  to  furnish  a  constructive  peace  program  for  the  churches. 

The  Japanese  Problem  in  the  United  States,  Millis.     Fed- 
eral Council,  New  York.    $1.50,  334  pp. 

Presents  all  the  facts  concerning  the  Japanese  group  in  our  population. 

Rural 

The   Holy   Earth,   Bailey.     Scribner,   New  York.     $1.00, 
171  pp. 

Delightful  essays  upon  the  philosophy,  poetry,  and  idealism  of  life  in  the 

country. 

Rural  Denmark  and  Its  Schools,  Foght.    Macmillan,  New 
York.     $1.40,  net,  349  pp. 

A  careful,  thorough  discussion  of  the  schools  of  Denmark  for  American 
use. 

The  American  Country  Girl,  Crow.     Stokes,  New  York. 
$1.50,  167  pp. 

Presents  the  country  girl  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  city  observer  or 
of  the  university  visitor. 

Rural    Credits,    Herrick.      Appleton,    New   York.      $2.00, 
519  PP- 

The  best  book  on  the  principles  and  practice  of  rural  cooperative  organ- 
ization that  we  have  in  English. 

A   Social   Survey  in   Arkansas,   Wilson   and  Ashenhurst. 

Presbyterian  Board  of  Home  Missions,  New  York.    10  cents. 

A  Social  Survey  in  Tulare  County,  California.    Wilson  and 


Publications  and  Bibliography  129 

Morse.     Presbyterian  Board  of  Home  Missions,  New  York. 
10  cents. 

Educational  Resources  of  Village  and  Rural  Communities, 
Hart.     Macmillan,  New  York.    $i.oo,  277  pp. 

A  guide  for  those  who  wish  to  discover  and  develop  the  whole  resources 
of  the  country  community. 

Country  Life  and  the  Country  School,  Carney.  Row- 
Peterson,  Chicago.     $1.25,  405  pp. 

A  manual  of  efficiency  in  the  country  school,  by  a  trainer  of  country 
teachers. 

The  Work  of  the  Rural  School,  Eggleston  and  Bruere. 
Harpers,  New  York.    $1.00,  286  pp. 

Presents  the  outline  of  a  reorganized  rural  school  system  based  on  work 
actually  done. 

Rural  Life  and  Education,  Cubberly.  Houghton-Mifflin, 
New  York.    $1.50,  367  pp. 

A  historical  summary  of  the  effect  of  recent  industrial  and  educational 
changes  upon  rural  life. 

The  Making  of  a  Country  Parish,  Mills.  Missionary  Edu- 
cation Movement,  New  York.     50  cents,  126  pp. 

The  record  of  many  years  of  actual  achievement. 

The  Rural  Church  Movement,  Earp.  Methodist  Book 
Concern,  New  York.    75  cents,  177  pp. 

A  brief  but  comprehensive  summary. 

The  Church  at  the  Center,  Wilson.  Missionary  Educa- 
tion Movement,  New  York.     50  cents,  98  pp. 

Outlines  the  relation  of  the  church  to  the  rural  community. 

Village  Improvement,  Farwell.  Sturgis  &  Walton,  New 
York.    $1.00,  362  pp. 

Tells  what  a  small  group  of  people  may  do  to  improve  their  surroundings 
and  includes  a  valuable  chapter  on  the  opportunity  of  the  rural  church. 

Human  Interest 

Beauty  for  Ashes,  Bacon.  Dodd-Mead,  New  York.  $1.50, 
360  pp. 

A  story  of  the  leading  out  of  one  sheltered  woman  into  sympathetic  con- 
tact with  the  poor  until  she  secured  the  passage  of  a  housing  law  in  her 
state. 

The  Man  Behind  the  Bars,  Taylor.  Scribners,  New  York. 
$1.50,  302  pp. 

Reveals  the  traditional  penal  system  as  an  ugly  process  of  the  manu- 
facture of  criminals  from  the  same  stuff  of  which  good  men  are  made. 

A  Far  Journey,  Ribhany.  Houghton-Mifflin,  Boston.  $1.75, 
352  pp. 

Reveals  the  attitude  of  preachers  and  churches  toward  immigrants. 


130    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

From  Alien  to  Citizen,  Steiner.  Revell,  New  York.  $i.5o» 
332  pp. 

Raises  a  stirring  challenge,  and  despite  his  optimism  reveals  the  fact 
that  conditions  which  well-nigh  spoiled  his  life  still  exist. 

The  House  on  Henry  Street,  Wald.  Holt,  New  York. 
$2.00,  317  pp. 

The  human  story  of  immigration  arising  out  of  twenty  years'  intimate 
experience  in  a  New  York  settlement. 

The  Story  of  Canada  Blackie,  Field.  Button,  New  York. 
$1.00,  157  pp. 

A  series  of  letters  from  a  desperate  criminal  revealing  the  transforming 
power  of  sympathy  and  trust. 

The  Mixing,  White.    Doubleday,  New  York.    $1.20,  344  pp. 

Describes  the  making  of  a  village  Utopia;  some  of  its  suggestions  may 
be  made  to  work  anywhere. 

Adapted  for  Study  Classes 

The  Making  of  a  Nation,  Kent  and  Jenks. 

The  City  Church  and  Its  Social  Mission,  Trawick. 

The  Field  of  Social  Service,  Davis. 

The  Liquor  Problem,  Richardson. 

Poverty  and  Wealth,  Ward. 

International  Peace,  Richardson. 

The  New  Home  Missions,  Douglass. 

The  Social  Aspects  of  Foreign  Missions,  Faunce. 

Christianity  and  Amusements,  Edwards. 

The  Individual  and  the  Social  Gospel,  Mathews. 

Studies  in  the  Gospel  of  the  Kingdom,  edited  by  Josiah 
Strong,  are  of  value  for  class  study  of  social  problems. 
Paper,  75  cents. 


IV 
METHODS  AND  PROGRAMS 

THIS  chapter  presents  the  suggestions  for  methods  and 
programs  for  local  churches  and  groups  of  churches 
which  have  been  worked  out  by  the  various  denominational 
agencies.  Full  pamphlets  on  the  subjects  treated  can  be  ob- 
tained from  the  respective  Secretaries. ^  The  denominational 
or  other  source  is  indicated  in  each  case.  The  full  title  and 
address  of  every  organization  can  be  found  from  the  direc- 
tory at  the  front  of  this  Year  Book.  The  Federal  Council 
Commission  also  has  "A  Plan  of  Social  Work/'  covering  the 
general  field. 

ORGANIZING  THE  CHURCH  FOR  COMAIUNITY 
MINISTRY 

Baptist   (Northern) 
Every  church  should  have  a  constructive  program  for  serving 
the  social  needs  of  its  community,  either  individually  or  through 
the  largest   possible   cooperation    with   other   organizations    for 
human  uplift. — 

Every  church  should  create  a  Social  Service  Committee,  to 
have  general  supervision  of  all  the  social  service  work.  This 
committee  should  contain  a  representative  from  the  deacons, 
the  Sunday  school,  the  young  people's  society,  the  men's 
Brotherhood,  and  the  women's  Society,  with  the  pastor,  ex  officio, 
a  member. 

The  committee  should  organize  with  a  chairman  and  a  secre- 
tary, and  should  have  regular  meetings  at  least  once  a  month. 
It  should  carefully  study  the  local  situation,  the  needs  of  the 
community,  and  the  resources  of  the  church,  and  should  have 


^The  statements  or  material  throughout  Chapters  IV-VI  taken 
from  these  pamphlets  or  other  literature  is  put  in  smaller  type 
and  without  quotation  marks,  but  the  passing  from  one  selection 
to  another  is  indicated  by  a  dash  after  the  period  or  other  point 
at  the  end  of  a  selection. 

131 


182    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

a  definite  constructive  program.  It  should  create  such  sub- 
committees as  may  be  needed  for  special  work.  It  should 
suggest  ways  whereby  the  efforts  of  the  people  may  become 
most  effective  in  community  betterment.  It  should  have  a  well- 
formulated  policy  of  social  service  instruction  in  and  through 
the  church.  It  should  keep  the  church  and  congregation  in- 
formed concerning  such  matters  as  demand  their  interest  and 
effort.  It  should  cooperate  with  the  Educational  Committee 
and  all  agencies  of  the  church  which  are  seeking  to  guide  the 
thought  and  to  train  the  conscience  of  the  people.  Persons 
should  be  chosen  for  membership  on  this  committee  who  are 
specially  interested  in  social  service  and  show  special  fitness 
for  its  work;  this  committee  is  for  action,  and  it  has  no  place 
for  merely  ornamental  and  honorary  members. 

Congregational 

It  is  suggested  that  each  church  and  Brotherhood  have  a  com- 
mittee to  be  known  as  "The  Committee  on  Labor  and  Social 
Service."  Its  functions  shall  be  to  come  in  touch  with  the  labor 
forces  of  the  city;  to  become  acquainted  with  the  local  situation; 
to  bring  the  results  before  the  church,  and  relate  the  church,  in 
an  efficient  way,  to  the  other  agencies  that  are  working  for 
betterment.  Make  this  committee  permanent.  Give  its  report 
consideration.  Such  a  committee  can  be  of  great  value  in  bring- 
ing together  the  employers  and  employees  in  case  of  an  industrial 
conflict. 

Friends 

In  many  of  our  great  cities  the  electric  light  and  power 
companies  display  at  night  on  their  lofty  sky-scraper  buildings 
brilliant  electric  signs  which  flash  out  across  the  city  the  words 
"Public  Service ;  Light  and  Power !"  Our  desire  is  that  all 
our  local  churches,  whether  in  city  or  country,  may  make  that 
their  motto  and  their  constant  aim;  that  they  all  may  aspire 
to  fulfil  their  double  mission  for  which  Christ  wrought  and 
for  which  he  died, — that  each  church  may  be  a  live  center  in 
the  world  for  "public  service,  Hght  and  power." 

MetJwdist  Episcopal 

We  believe  that  all  the  organizations  of  the  local  church  should 
assume  some  definite  tasks  in  social  service. 

The  Sunday-school  should  concern  itself  with  child  welfare, 
the  Epworth  League  with  the  general  conditions  of  life  for 
young  people,  the  Ladies'  Aid   Society  with  the  general  needs 


Methods  and  Programs  133 

of  the  girls  and  women  of  the  community,  and  the  Brotherhood 
should  engage  its  men  in  civic  action  for  community  welfare. 

We  suggest  that  one  representative  of  the  social  service  work 
of  each  of  these  organizations  in  the  local  church  constitute, 
with  the  pastor,  a  Social  Service  Committee  to  coordinate  the 
various  activities  of  the  church  and  to  relate  it  to  other  agencies 
working  for  community  betterment  in  intelligent  cooperation.-— 

Social  service  must  be  carried  out  through  organized  group 
action,  but  it  cannot  be  confined  to  organizations.  There  are 
many  personal  aspects  of  social  service  which  must  have 
emphasis.  It  will  never  be  thoroughly  social  until  it  is  genuinely 
individual.  The  personal  aspects  of  social  service  are  the  root 
of  the  matter  from  which  spring  its  organized  expressions.  It 
becomes  the  duty  of  every  Christian  to  assume  some  obligation 
of  personal  service,  to  relate  himself  to  some  work  for  the  poor, 
the  sick,  the  prisoner,  the  oppressed.  The  power  of  the  church 
is  increased  by  the  activities  of  its  members  in  local  philanthropy 
and  in  all  movements  for  community  improvement. 

In  these  days  of  organization,  there  is  a  dearth  of  initiative. 
The  church  must  generate  the  spirit  of  service  until  it  dominates 
men  with  a  mighty  imperative.  Such  men  will  find  something 
to  do  for  themselves.  They  will  not  wait  for  organizations.  All 
relationships  with  their  fellows  will  be  controlled  by  the  spirit 
of  service.  Like  their  Master,  they  will  stand  among  their 
fellows  in  the  community  as  those  who  serve. 

Presbyterian  (Northern) 

The  organization  in  the  local  churches  will  properly  differ  as 
widely  as  the  conditions  these  churches  face.  Two  churches 
may  be  equally  socialized,  and  yet  from  the  institutional  point 
of  view  be  absolutely  different.  The  very  genius  of  the  present- 
day  social  movement  in  the  church  compels  diversities  of  form. 
It  embodies  the  scientific  spirit,  which  requires  the  adaptation 
of  methods  to  ends,  and  accounts  no  method  sacred  except  as 
it  meets  the  tests  of  efficiency. 

These  considerations  make  a  uniform  program  in  social  service 
for  local  churches  altogether  impossible.  Each  community  pre- 
sents a  problem  of  its  own  kind.  Certain  great  principles  and 
a  few  methods  are  capable  of  standardization.  Any  mind  capable 
of  generalization  from  known  particulars  can  work  out  these 
principles  and  methods.  It  is  important  that  they  should  be 
worked  out,  and  that  centralized  agencies  should  promote  them. 
But  evils  are  sure  to  result  from  attempting  to  carry  centraliza- 


134    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

tlon  further.  The  business  of  a  central  promoting  agency  in 
social  service  should  be  most  of  all  the  encouragement  of 
initiative  on  the  part  of  local  churches  in  meeting  divergent 
community  conditions. 

Protestant  Episcopal 

The  success  of  social  service  work  by  the  church  at  large 
depends  ultimately  upon  the  effort  of  the  individual  parish. 
Unless  the  minister  of  the  individual  church  and  his  workers, 
men  and  women,  take  a  hand  in  actual  community  service,  the 
efforts  of  larger  units — diocesan  or  national  social  service  organi- 
zations— must  go  largely  for  naught.  In  fact,  a  chief  effort  of 
these  larger  bodies  should  be  to  interest  the  individual  parish 
and  its  minister  in  the  world-wide  movement  to  improve  condi- 
tions of  life  and  work  for  men,  women,  and  children — to  insure 
that  justice  in  social  and  economic  relationships  without  which 
political  democracy  is  but  the  shadow  of  a  dream — to  inaugurate 
a  kingdom  of  God  in  which,  as  the  prophets  of  Israel  preached, 
righteousness  and  justice  shall  go  hand  in  hand,  in  which  services 
and  service  shall  be  complementary.  A  social  service  league  or 
committee  in  every  parish  is  the  desideratum,  unless  the  work 
of  diocesan  and  national  organizations  is  to  halt  on  one  foot. 

The  work  of  social  service  is  largely  community  service.  The 
collective  effort  by  local  forces  to  improve  conditions  of  life 
and  work  in  a  given  community  must  lie  at  the  base  of  all 
genuine  social  ameHoration.  Reform  from  without — imposed  by 
state  or  national  authority  in  the  shape  of  "progressive"  legisla- 
tion of  whatever  name — must  ultimately  fail  unless  the  forces 
of  righteousness  and  justice  in  every  city,  town,  or  village  are 
awake  to  their  responsibility  and  alive  to  their  opportunity.  The 
state  and  the  nation  may  help,  and  must  help ;  but  the  success 
of  social  reform  will  ultimately  depend  on  the  desire  and  the 
determination  of  each  community  to  help  itself.  Social  self- 
help — if  the  term  be  allowed — is  the  bed-rock  on  which  the 
structure  of  social  progress  must  be  founded. 

In  view  of  this  fundamental  consideration,  the  necessity  of 
stimulating  the  parish  to  the  need  and  opportunity  of  community 
service  is  apparent.  — 

But  the  chief  desideratum  is  to  find  a  specific  task  for  each 
member  of  the  parish  who  is  competent  and  willing.  By  bringing 
him — or  her — into  actual  contact  with  social  conditions  in  the 
community  the  parish  church  will  perform  the  double  service  of 
rendering  aid  where  needed  and  of  educating  its  constituency. 


Methods  and  Programs  135 

The  danger  to  be  guarded  against  is  that  of  stopping  with  the 
particular  case — the  concrete  instance — and  not  passing  on  to 
some  constructive  effort  to  better  conditions  in  general.  Not 
merely  to  succor  the  fallen  wayfarer,  but  to  clear  the  road  is  the 
necessity.  In  this  constructive  effort  is  the  opportunity  for  a 
community  forward  movement  which  shall  combine  all  agencies, 
secular  and  religious,  in  a  common  campaign  to  improve  local 
conditions  of  life  and  work,  and  so  help  to  make  possible  the 
all-round  development,  physical,  mental,  spiritual,  which  should 
be  the  right  of  every  man,  woman,  and  child  in  the  community. 
Such  a  community  forward  movement  as  the  result  of  the  effort 
of  the  individual  parish  or  parishes  is  a  consummation  devoutly 
to  be  wished. — 

Social  service,  so  far  as  the  church  is  concerned,  is  a  layman's 
job.  Until  it  has  been  generally  accepted,  the  leadership  and  a 
large  proportion  of  the  active  work  must  be  assumed  by  the 
clergy.  But  the  church's  entire  endeavor  with  relation  to  the 
solution  of  vital  human  problems  of  to-day  and  to-morrow  must 
eventually  fall  to  the  ground  unless  the  layman  is  brought  to 
recognize  his  social  opportunities  and  to  assume  his  social  obliga- 
tions. 

The  difficulty  has  been  that  the  layman  has  not  generally 
known  just  how  he  can  serve  his  fellow  men.  General  exhorta- 
tions to  Christian  ministration  are  insufficient.  The  practice  of 
charity  on  a  smaller  or  larger  scale  has  of  course  from  the  dawn 
of  Christianity  enlisted  the  sympathy,  interest,  and  active  partici- 
pation of  professing  Christians.  The  church  in  the  modern 
world,  however,  has  for  some  time  recognized  the  inadequacy 
of  our  former  conceptions  of  Christian  service.  Preventive  and 
constructive  social  effort,  based  upon  concerted  endeavor  for 
the  common  good,  presents  a  new  challenge  to  the  loyal  member 
of  the  church. 

The  experience  of  the  Joint  Commission  on  Social  Service, 
of  the  various  diocesan  social  service  commissions  throughout 
the  country,  and  of  many  parishes,  has  proved  that  one  chief 
need  in  successful  social  service  organization  is  some  systematic 
method  whereby  individuals  who  are  willing  to  serve  the  com- 
munity in  the  name  of  the  parish  may  be  enlisted  with  recog- 
nized agencies  of  social  and  moral  reform  operating  in  the 
community.  A  few  parishes  have  during  the  past  two  or  three 
years  tried  the  social  service  canvass  with  valuable  results.  It  is 
for  the  purpose  of  furnishing  to  other  parishes  an  easy  means  of 
conducting    similar   canvasses   that   the   directions   referred   to 


136    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

below,    together   with   special   questionnaires   and   record   cards, 
have  been  prepared. 

The  benefit  to  be  derived  from  a  parish  social  service  canvass 
is  not  merely  the  securing  of  volunteer  workers  to  serve  in 
cooperation  with  recognized  local  agencies  of  social  and  moral 
reform,  but  also  the  revealing  to  the  rector  of  much  hitherto 
unrecognized  community  service  on  the  part  of  individual  parish 
members.  The  recording  of  this  service  in  the  suggested  index 
(Record  Cards  Nos.  i  and  2)  should  of  itself  in  many  cases 
prove  of  sufficient  value  to  justify  the  canvass,  even  though  no 
new  recruits  for  community  service  be  secured. 

Then  follow  instructions  on  "How  to  Conduct  a  Social 
Service  Canvass."  Record  cards  for  this  purpose  are  fur- 
nished by  the  Joint  Commission  on  Social  Service. 

Reformed,  in  the  United  States 
We  believe  (in  the  case  of  individuals  at  work)  : 

1.  That  every  Christian  is  saved  in  order  that  he  may  be  a 
servant  of  the  Lord,  and  that  he  is  called  to  service  for  the 
salvation  of  the  world ; 

2.  That  every  Christian  should  refrain  from  all  practices  which 
may  in  any  way  lead  to  the  temptation  or  fall  of  his  weaker 
brethren,  from  engaging  in  business  which  injures,  debases, 
or  destroys  any  of  his  fellow  men,  and  from  making  profit  out 
of  the  oppression  or  exploitation  of  any  one ; 

3.  That  Christian  men  should  live  and  labor,  not  primarily  for 
profit  or  their  own  advantage,  but  for  the  uplift  and  salvation 
of  their  fellow  men ; 

4.  That  individual  Christians  should,  either  as  individuals  or 
in  conjunction  with  other  Christians,  do  their  utmost  for  the 
overthrow  of  vice  and  wrong  in  every  form,  for  the  amelioration 
of  social  conditions,  and  for  the  establishment  of  truth,  justice, 
and  love  in  all  human  relations ; 

5.  That  Christian  men,  in  the  performance  of  their  duties  to 
the  state,  should  put  the  welfare  of  the  people  above  personal 
and  party  advantage. 

Unitarian 

There  must  be  wise  leaders  to  plan  and  direct  the  church's 
social  advance.  If  neither  the  minister  alone  nor  the  parish 
committee  can  be  expected  to  give  this  service  it  should  be 
entrusted  to  another  body  which  may  be  called  the  social  service 


Methods  and  Programs 


137 


committee  and  which  shall  be  in  effect  a  board  of  control  or 
management.  Several  churches  have  already  organized  social 
service  committees.  In  one  of  our  city  churches  a  large  number 
of  people  are  at  work  in  the  various  local  charities  and  philan- 
thropies. Some  of  them  sit  in  the  directorates  of  every  non- 
sectarian  organization  of  this  kind  in  the  city.  In  this  church 
the  social  service  committee  is  made  up  of  some  two  dozen  or 
more  men  and  women,  each  one  of  whom  represents  one  of 
these  philanthropic  institutions  or  societies.  Few  are  the  congre- 
gations where  the  members  are  so  keenly  alive  to  their  social 
obligations  as  in  this ;  yet  in  almost  every  church  there  is  a 
group  of  people  who  are  engaged  in  social  work  of  some  kind, 
and  out  of  their  number  it  should  be  easy  to  choose  four  or  five 
who  together  with  the  minister  could  form  the  social  service 
committee. 

This  committee,  however  it  may  be  constituted,  should  be 
elected  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  parish,  and  upon  it  should 
be  laid  the  full  responsibility  for  the  social  service  work  of  the 
church.  — 

The  last  step  in  this  process  of  putting  the  social  service 
work  of  the  churches  on  a  common-sense  business  basis  is  to 
draft  the  members  thereof  for  the  several  duties  to  be  done, 
and  if  some  of  them  do  not  know  how  to  perform  these  duties, 
to  have  them  instructed.  It  will  greatly  assist  the  committee  in 
this  detail  of  administration  if  it  will  prepare  for  its  own 
guidance  a  card  catalog  of  the  social  service  activities  of  the 
congregation.  The  standard  library  card,  5  inches  by  3  inches, 
ruled  as  below,  is  the  best  for  this  purpose  and  has  been  found 


Brown,  Edward 

Contributes  to 
The  Associated  Charities, 
Civic  League, 
Children's  Aid  Society, 
Animal  Rescue  League. 


N. 


272  Blank  St. 
Is  at  Work  as 
Treasurer    of    the    Children's 
Aid.      Friendly    Visitor, 
District    No.    2    Associated 
Charities. 


exceedingly  useful.  The  information  desired  can  be  obtained 
by  a  brief  questionnaire.  Some  cards  will  be  filled  out  as  shown. 
Others  will  have  something  under  the  head  of  "Contributes  to," 
but  nothing  under  "Is  at  work  as,"  and  vice  versa;  while  some 
will  have  upon  them  no  more  than  a  name  and  address.  This 
card  is  of  tested  value,  and  will  often  enable  the  committee  to 
find  the  right  person  for  a  particular  service  without  calling 
upon  one  already  overwhelmed  with  public  duties. 


138    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

The  importance  of  putting  all  possible  church-members 
personally  to  work  in  the  field  of  service  and  the  possibility 
of  utilizing  selected  individuals  before  a  church  can  be 
properly  organized  for  social  service  is  emphasized  in  all 
denominations. 

COMMUNITY  STUDY 

The  first  step  in  working  out  a  program  for  a  church 
or  a  group  of  churches  is  a  study  of  the  local  community, 
at  least  to  the  extent  of  discovering  the  amount  of  deficit 
between  local  conditions  and  the  standards  of  the  churches. 

Baptist   (Northern) 

That  the  best  results  may  be  attained,  it  is  necessary  that 
there  be  a  careful  study  of  the  community.  By  this  means,  we 
will  know  what  are  the  things  that  hurt  the  lives  of  our  fellows 
and  hinder  the  community's  progress ;  and  we  will  also  know 
what  are  the  forces  and  factors  for  good  that  already  exist 
and  are  available. 

Congregational 

To  know  the  facts  relating  to  our  own  city  and  community 
often  indicates  a  way  by  which  abuses  and  evils  can  be  cured. 
The  greatest  essential  then  is  that  Christian  people  shall  know 
conditions. 

Methodist  Episcopal 

Study  its  needs.  They  will  determine  what  ought  to  be  done. 
You  may  be  able  to  interest  a  group  of  people  in  a  study  class. 
We  can  suggest  courses  and  supply  a  schedule  for  taking  a 
bird's-eye  view  of  your  community  conditions. — 

We  recommend  that  every  Methodist  preacher  study  the  social 
needs  of  his  community  and  lead  his  church  into  a  ministry, 
cooperating  with  other  agencies,  to  meet  those  community  needs. 
Experience  has  shown  that  the  mid-week  service  can  occa- 
sionally be  advantageously  used  for  this  purpose.  The  attention 
that  has  recently  been  given  to  the  problem  of  the  rural  church 
and  community  makes  it  possible  for  every  church,  no  matter 
where  located,  to  enter  into  this  wider  ministry. — 

The  next  thing  is  to  know  what  agencies  are  at  work  to  meet 
the  need  of  the  community  and  how  they  are  doing  it.  An 
effective  piece  of  work  is  a  little  directory,  for  the  pocket  or 


Methods  and  Programs  139 

telephone  desk,  of  the  various  agencies  in  the  community  that 
will  cooperate  in  caring  for  poverty,  sickness,  or  delinquency, 
or  in  meeting  any  civic  or  social  emergency.  In  small  com- 
munities a  chart  can  be  made  and  placed  on  the  wall  of  the 
church.  An  effective  chart  to  reveal  the  needs  of  the  community 
to  the  churches  puts  in  one  column  the  various  fields  of  social 
service — child  welfare,  charities,  health,  labor,  immigrants,  the 
prisoner,  law  enforcement,  civics ;  the  second  column  lists 
"agencies  at  work"  in  the  community  in  each  of  these  fields; 
the  third  column  states  urgent  needs  in  each  field,  that  is,  the 
needs  that  are  crying  to  be  met,  notwithstanding  the  work  of 
existing  agencies. 

Presbyterian  (Northern) 

When  a  railroad  company  decides  to  open  up  a  new  territory, 
it  does  not  depend  merely  upon  inspiration  and  enthusiasm — 
it  sends  out  a  corps  of  engineers  to  study  soils  and  levels ;  a 
master  workman  maps  out  the  entire  job,  and  in  his  mind's  eye 
sees  it  complete  before  the  first  tie  is  laid  or  the  first  spike 
driven. 

Something  like  this  should  be  the  program  of  the  church. 
It  should  face  all  the  facts.  It  should  master  the  situation. 
This  applies  not  only  to  the  national  problems  which  confront 
the  church,  but  the  local  problems  which  perplex  the  individual 
pastor. 

The  logical  order  for  carrying  on  the  work  of  the  church 
is:  first,  know  the  facts;  second,  organize  the  work  in  view 
of  the  facts  discovered;  third,  make  known  the  work  to  the 
public. 

Protestant  Episcopal 

That  we  may  work  intelligently  and  successfully  we  must 
know  the  conditions  that  exist  and  the  obstacles  we  have  to 
overcome.  We  must  know,  too,  the  various  forces  and  factors 
that  are  at  work  in  the  city,  and  must  learn  how  to  mobilize 
and  direct  them. — 

The  method,  then,  is  first  to  find  out  what  your  community 
needs  and  then  to  look  about  for  possibihties  of  cooperation 
with  secular  agencies  which  have  the  experience  and  technical 
knowledge.  — 

A  blank  for  a  Parish  Questionnaire  has  been  prepared 
under  the  following  heads ; 


140    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

1.  What  social  or  moral  agencies  of  the  community  or  state 
are  you  connected  with? 

2.  With  what  similar  agencies  does  your  parish  cooperate? 

3.  How  many  individual  members  of  your  parish  are  con- 
nected with  social  agencies? 

4.  Indicate  by  name  what  groups  of  parish  members  are 
attempting  to  serve  community  needs  either  independently  or 
in  cooperation  with  some  local  agency. 

5.  What  special  work  are  you  doing  with  reference  to  depend- 
ent and  delinquent  persons  in  cooperation  with  voluntary  and 
governmental  agencies  ? 

6.  What  other  special  work,  if  any,  are  you  or  your  parishion- 
ers engaged  in? 

7.  With  what  social  agencies  of  other  communions  do  you 
cooperate  ? 

8.  Are  you  educating  your  parish  members  for  social  service 
through  sermons,  Sunday  evening  "forums,"  study  classes,  visits 
to  social  agencies  and  institutions,  the  Sunday-school? 

9.  In  what  way  can  the  diocesan  social  service  commission 
assist? 

10.  If  you  have  not  been  able  to  undertake  any  special  forms 
of  community  service  indicated  above,  or  are  not  in  favor  of 
undertaking  such  service  either  in  your  individual  capacity  or 
through  your  parish,  v/ill  you  kindly  state  reasons  ? 

Unitarian 

The  first  step  is  for  a  church  to  make  a  careful  study  of 
the  social  and  moral  conditions  in  the  community  where  it  is 
estabhshed.  A  business  house  which  proposed  to  open  up 
trade  relations  with  South  America  would  study  very  thoroughly 
the  habits  and  customs  and  needs  of  the  countries  which  it 
intended  to  enter;  and  so  a  church  which  has  made  up  its  mind 
that  it  will  try  at  least  to  do  its  full  duty  in  the  community 
must  study  the  conditions  and  needs  of  the  people  around  it 
before  it  makes  any  plans  or  begins  any  work.  What  it  shall 
do  will  depend  on  what  it  finds.  It  may  discover  that  there 
is  a  foreign  population  at  its  doors,  alien  in  speech  and  manner 
of  life,  living  in  foul  and  unsanitary  dweUings.  It  may  learn 
that  young  women  are  employed  in  the  shops  and  factories  at 
wages  so  small  that  it  is  impossible  for  many  of  them  to  provide 
themselves  with  all  the  necessaries  of  a  clean  and  wholesome 
life.  It  may  find  that  boys  and  girls  are  going  to  the  dogs 
because  there  is  no  other  place  for  them  to  go,   that  the  idle 


Methods  and  Programs  141 

and  vicious  are  being  supported  by  the  kindly  disposed  and 
gullible  public,  that  children  are  being  neglected,  that  the  sick 
are  not  properly  cared  for,  that  the  poor  are  being  oppressed, 
that  the  town  is  being  expensively  misgoverned,  and  that  a 
dozen  other  conditions  obtain,  all  equally  dangerous  to  health 
and  morals  and  happiness. 

For  the  purpose  of  a  brief  community  study  a  pamphlet, 
"What  Every  Church  Should  Know  About  Its  Own  Com- 
munity," may  be  obtained  from  the  Federal  Council  of 
Churches  or  from  denominational  offices.  The  Baptist  office 
has  a  Civic  Program  and  a  Town  Program.  The  appendix  to 
the  Episcopal  leaflet  "A  Social  Service  Program  for  the 
Parish"  presents  "  An  Outline  for  the  study  of  local  con- 
ditions." The  Unitarian  Association  has  a  pamphlet,  "Know- 
ing One's  Own  Community." 

For  carrying  on  a  detailed  study  or  a  thorough  survey,  aid 
should  be  secured  from  the  denominational  offices.  If 
thorough  community  survey  is  contemplated,  enlisting  all  the 
forces  of  the  community,  the  Department  of  Surveys  and 
Exhibits,  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  31  Union  Square,  New 
York  City,  should  be  consulted. 


EDUCATIONAL  ACTIVITIES 

To  develop  and  increase  interest  in  the  church,  in  addition 
to  the  community  study,  various  activities  are  suggested. 

Study   Classes  and   Discussion   Groups 

The  church  itself,  as  well  as  its  various  agencies  and  depart- 
ments, should  have  some  definite  plans  for  Social  Study.  It 
would  be  a  mistake  for  any  church  in  any  of  its  departments 
to  use  social  study  lessons  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others.  But 
it  would  be  as  great  a  mistake  to  give  attention  to  various 
other  lines  of  study  to  the  exclusion  of  direct  social  study. 

For  the  Church.  We  suggest  a  division  of  subjects  as  fol- 
lows :  one  Sunday  in  each  month  to  be  given  to  the  Christian 
life  in  its  sources,  its  ideals,  its  development  and  growth;  one 
Sunday  in  each  month  to  be  given  to  Christian  doctrines,  deal- 
ing with  the  church,  its  history,  its  faith,  its  work,  etc.;  one 
Sunday  in  each  month  to  be  devoted  to  Missions — city,  home, 


142    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

and  foreign ;  one  Sunday  in  each  month  to  be  devoted  to  Social 
Service  in  some  of  the  many  phases  and  claims. 

This  schedule  will  enable  the  pastor  and  church  to  preserve 
the  balance  in  Christian  thought  and  activity;  it  will  also 
promote  systematic  study,  which  is  now  so  sadly  lacking  in 
many  churches. 

The  "Social  Service  Year"  suggests  some  timely  and  vital 
topics  which  may  form  a  basis  for  social  study  and  effort. 

Social  Studies  for  Adult  Classes  and  Brotherhoods.  The  church 
to  be  fully  efficient  in  its  educational  work  must  interpret  the 
great  principles  of  the  gospel  in  their  relation  to  life  and 
society,  and  the  church  no  less  must  lead  the  people  to  apply 
these  principles  to  all  the  problems  of  our  complex  social  life. 
That  this  may  be  done,  something  more  is  needed  than  the 
present  unsystematic  methods. 


Baptist   (Northern) 

Every  church  should  have  a  comprehensive  program  of  edu- 
cation that  is  preparing  people  for  life  and  service  in  all  the 
relations  and  institutions  of  society. 

Every  church  should  have  a  constructive  program  for  serving 
the  social  needs  of  its  community  both  individually  and  through 
the  largest  possible  cooperation  with  other  agencies  of  human 
uplift. 

First,  its  educational  program.  The  church  is  the  training- 
school  of  the  kingdom  of  God.  This  means  much  more  than 
appears  on  the  surface.  It  means  more  than  the  winning  of 
men  to  Christ  and  their  preparation  for  membership  in  the 
church.  To  seek  the  kingdom  of  God  means  much  more  than 
to  seek  the  salvation  of  one's  soul  or  even  the  upbuilding  of  the 
church.  To  seek  the  kingdom  of  God  means  to  seek  the  salva- 
tion of  the  family,  the  redemption  of  the  state,  the  Christianizing 
of  society.  It  follows,  therefore,  that  to  prepare  people  for 
life  and  service  in  the  kingdom  of  God  means  to  prepare  people 
for  life  and  service  in  the  family,  the  state,  the  community,  the 
industrial  order.  Many  churches  have  never  imagined  for  a 
moment  that  they  have  any  such  commission  as  this.  They 
have  narrowed  their  conception  of  the  Kingdom  to  the  bound- 
aries of  the  church,  and  have  supposed  that  their  only  work 
was  to  bring  people  into  the  church  and  prepare  them  for  life 
in  heaven.  We  do  not  mean  to  make  light  of  this  work,  but 
we  do  mean  to  say  that  it  is  only  a  small  part  of  the  church's 


Methods  and  Programs  143 

work.  The  church  that  is  not  doing  this  larger  social  work 
quite  as  fully  as  it  is  doing  its  work  of  training  people  for  mem- 
bership in  the  church  lacks  vision  and  is  failing  in  an  important 
part  of  its  mission. 

This  means  that  every  church  should  have  a  comprehensive 
program  of  education,  and  should  directly  and  definitely  seek 
to  prepare  people  for  right  living  in  all  the  relations  of  Hfe  and 
to  train  them  for  effective  service  in  all  the  institutions  of 
society.  Some  agency  must  do  this  work,  and  no  other  agency 
than  the  church  has  either  the  divine  call  or  the  adequate 
machinery.  This  may  mean  a  radical  change  in  some  of  our 
church  plans  and  methods;  but  the  change  must  come  if  the 
church  would  fulfil  its  mission.  No  church  can  be  called  efficient 
that  does  not  have  a  definite  poHcy  of  religious  and  moral 
education  that  is  preparing  people  for  life  and  service  in  all 
the  relations  of  society  and  the  institutions  of  the  Kingdom. 

That  men  may  be  prepared  for  social  Hfe  and  effective 
service,  several  things  are  necessary.  The  social  mind  and 
thought  must  precede  the  social  program  and  action.  It  is 
necessary  first  of  all  that  men  have  what  may  be  called  the 
social  mind  and  consciousness.  In  times  past  men  have  thought 
in  individual  life  and  personal  salvation;  they  have  thought  of 
the  work  of  Christ  and  of  the  kingdom  of  God  in  terms  of 
inward  religion  and  church  life;  now  they  must  be  taught  to 
think  also  of  that  Kingdom  in  terms  of  Christian  society  and 
world  redemption. 

Men  must  be  taught  to  think  in  terms  of  social  causation.  We 
have  learned  that  things  have  causes,  and  we  do  not  know  any- 
thing till  we  know  its  causes  and  results.  Social  evils  have 
social  causes  and  require  social  remedies.  Relief  and  charity 
are  necessary  but  they  cure  no  evils.  No  real  advance  in  social 
service  can  be  made  till  we  have  learned  to  search  for  causes 
and  to  deal  with  them. 

Men  must  develop  social  sympathies  and  social  imagination. 
Life  is  measured  by  its  interests,  its  sympathies.  People  lack 
the  social  imagination  and  so  they  do  not  see  social  conditions 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  victim.  Mrs.  Browning's  words 
are  true  in  a  social  no  less  than  in  an  individual  sense: 

"Evil  is  wrought  by  want  of  thought 
As  well  as  want  of  heart." 

Men  must  have  a  keen  and  discriminating  social  passion. 
There  are  many  people  in  our  churches  who  are  interested  in 
good  things  and  think  kindly  of  their  fellows.     But  they  have 


144    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

no  enthusiasm  for  humanity,  no  abandon  in  the  work  of  Christ 
We  need  to  create  a  keen  conscience  in  the  people,  to  awaken 
in  them  a  hot  hatred  against  all  injustice,  a  consuming  passion 
for  social  justice. 

More  than  all,  as  the  consummation  of  all,  we  must  develop 
in  men  the  sacrificial  attitude  of  mind.  Social  progress  must 
be  purchased  by  cross-bearing.  The  cross  of  Christ,  it  cannot 
be  too  strongly  emphasized,  is  something  more  than  a  historic 
event;  it  is  also  the  revelation  of  the  law  of  all  life.  The  cross 
of  Christ  is  thus  the  type,  the  pattern,  the  power  of  that  cross 
which  every  disciple  is  to  bear.  This  is  certain,  that  nothing 
but  a  crucified  Christianity  can  ever  win  the  world  unto  a 
crucified  Christ. 

Congregational 

Establish  a  class  where  the  subjects  of  discussion  shall  be 
questions  relating  to  Social  Welfare.  Wherever  feasible,  estab- 
lish an  Open  Forum  where  the  subjects  presented  by  the  speaker 
may  be  discussed  freely  by  those  present. 

Make  some  one  of  the  great  subjects  that  are  before  the 
American  public  to-day  the  topic  of  discussion  in  a  mid-week 
meeting  every  little  while.  We  would  indicate  such  subjects  as 
Wages,  Child  Labor,  Housing  Conditions,  Juvenile  Delinquency, 
Courts  of  Justice.  These  will  suggest  others  to  wide-awake 
churchmen. 

Suggestions  for  topics  for  discussion  groups  and  for 
church  meetings  of  all  kinds  are  contained  in  the  Baptist 
leaflet,  "Social  Suggestions  for  Program  Makers."  The 
various  denominational  offices  have  lists  of  speakers  avail- 
able in  different  parts  of  the  country.  The  Social  Service 
Commission  of  the  Interchurch  Federation  of  Philadelphia 
has  compiled  a  list  of  local  social  workers  who  will  speak 
in  the  churches. 

Methodist  Episcopal 

Some  pastors  have  adopted  the  Social  Service  month,  devot- 
ing that  period  exclusively  to  the  presentation  of  the  social 
aspects  of  the  gospel  and  the  social  duty  of  the  church,  other 
months  being  given  to  the  other  aspects  of  church  life  and 
polic3^  Some  have  adopted  the  social  service  year,  putting  a 
definite  social  topic  once  a  month  in  each  of  the  church  meet- 
ings. Others  have  socialized  the  prayer-meeting  by  devoting 
a  certain  number  of  its  sessions  to  the  consideration  of  com- 
munity needs  from  the  standpoint  of  Christian  duty. — 


Methods  and  Programs  145 

Many  young  people  who  cannot  be  induced  to  join  a  study 
class  may  yet  be  enlisted  in  a  reading  course,  especially  if  those 
who  are  reading  the  books  in  the  course  are  gathered  together 
occasionally  for  a  social  hour  and  for  discussion.  Every  Chap- 
ter of  the  Epworth  League  should  have  its  own  social  service 
Kbrary,  so  that  the  books  may  be  passed  around  freely.  A  list 
of  books  can  be  supplied,  which  cannot  fail  to  catch  and  hold 
the  interest  of  young  people,  because  they  deal  with  typical 
American   conditions   from  an  intimate,  personal  standpoint. 

To  supplement  this  group  and  class  study,  a  course  of  five 
or  six  addresses  can  be  arranged  for  the  Sunday  evening  devo- 
tional service,  these  addreses  to  deal  with  various  aspects  of 
social  service. 

Another  popular  form  of  education  which  can  be  made  use 
of  is  the  Open  Forum  for  the  presentation  of  community  issues. 
At  this  meeting  representatives  of  various  groups  in  the  com- 
munity may  be  heard  at  first  hand,  and  the  question  and  answer 
form  of  communication  may  be  used  to  establish  a  closer 
sympathy  between  speaker  and  audience.  — 

The  person  who  can  get  together  individuals  from  various 
social  groups  or  even  individuals  within  churches  or  a  church 
to  frankly  face  some  pressing  local  need  or  some  fundamental 
social  issue  is  performing  a  vital  service.  This  is  sometimes 
done  by  planning  for  a  Social  Service  Institute.  Thus  theories 
can  be  judged  at  first  hand,  and  the  prejudice  and  bitterness 
that  comes  from  misrepresentation  will  be  avoided. 

A  more  permanent  and  effective  form  of  the  same  service 
is  the  organization  of  an  Open  Forum  for  the  discussion  of 
community  issues  and  of  general  social  and  industrial  questions. 
In  all  industrial  centers  there  are  groups  in  the  population 
whose  lines  of  thought  never  cross.  In  times  of  industrial 
dispute  a  bitter  price  is  paid  for  this  lack  of  contact.  Men 
whose  interests  tend  to  place  them  on  opposite  sides  of  industrial 
questions  need  to  look  into  each  other's  faces  and  talk  together. 
In  some  cities  a  common  mind  and  conscience  is  being  developed 
in  an  open  forum,  meeting  weekly  for  the  frank  discussion  of 
vital  questions.  The  best  form  is  an  address  followed,  not  by 
debate,  but  by  questions  from  the  audience. 

Protestant  Episcopal 

Organization  for  service  is,  however,  in  itself  inadequate  to 
the  task.     Without   the   more   fundamental  work  of   education 


146    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

no  lasting  result  can  be  achieved.  In  short,  the  effective 
promotion  of  the  work  of  social  service  by  the  Joint  Commission 
or  by  any  other  agency  is  in  imperative  need  of  workers  who 
may  become  leaders — men  and  women  of  constructive  mind, 
with  vision  of  the  problem.  To  convert  to  the  new  ideal  of 
service  those  who  were  trained  under  a  different  discipline  is 
increasingly  difficult;  the  prime  hope  is  to  reach  the  younger 
generation.  Not  so  much  to  accomplish  things  now  as  to 
prepare  the  way  for  bigger  achievement  in  the  future  should 
be  the  aim  of  the  large-minded  and  far-sighted  servant  of  man- 
kind. — 

The  effective  promotion  of  the  work  of  social  service,  it  is 
increasingly  evident,  depends  largely  upon  the  parish  clergy. 
Unless  they  are  imbued  with  the  social  spirit  and  alive  to  the 
social  opportunities  and  responsibihties  of  the  day,  they  cannot 
hope  to  make  their  parishes  really  effective  forces  in  relation 
to  the  betterment  of  human  conditions.  This  social  spirit  and 
this  social  vision  they  must  not  be  left  to  discover  for  them- 
selves. It  should  be  the  function  of  the  seminary  to  prepare 
candidates  for  the  ministry  for  the  effective  service  of  society 
in  the  fullest  sense  of  the  phrase.  To  this  end  it  is  becoming 
yearly  more  important  that  the  seminary  should  make  provision 
for  two  things — social  instruction  and  social  practice  in  con- 
nection with  the  theological  course. — 

The  work  of  education  includes,  of  course,  instruction  given 
to  adult  workers  in  the  form  of  sermons,  special  addresses, 
conferences,  study  classes,  teachers'  training  classes,  and  the 
like.— 

There  are  various  ways  and  means  to  arouse  interest  in 
social  service.  There  is  the  social  service  class,  meeting  regu- 
larly— on  Sunday  or  other  day — to  discuss  the  social  problem 
in  general  and  with  special  reference  to  community  needs. 
There  is  the  conference  on  social  topics  for  more  popular 
appeal :  it  may  be  held  at  the  close  of  the  Sunday  evening 
service,  and  be  open  to  all  who  are  interested,  whether  they 
desire  to  attend  the  service  or  not.  The  conference  thus  serves 
as  a  community  forum,  where  specialists  invited  from  out- 
side may  present  various  phases  of  the  social  problem  and 
an  opportunity  may  be  given  for  informal  discussion.  A  parish 
social  service  library  is  also  desirable — a  small  but  carefully 
selected  lot  of  books  of  interest  to  the  Christian  citizen,  who 


Methods  and  Programs  147 

may  not  own  them  or  be  able  to  get  them  from  a  community 
library.  Visits  to  various  social  institutions  and  schools  may 
also  serve  to  arouse  interest  and  give  valuable  information. 


Correspondence  Courses 

To  increase  the  efficiency  of  both  the  pastor  and  the  lay 
social  worker,  some  of  the  denominations  are  furnishing 
correspondence  courses  in  social  service  studies. 

Congregational 

The  Labor  and  Social  Service  Department  of  the  Congrega- 
tional Churches  recommends  the  following  courses  of  study  for 
ministers  and  members  of  our  churches.  This  course  can  also 
be  made  the  regular  class  work  of  groups  interested  in  the 
social  problems. 

This  course  provides  for  three  years'  study  and  is  more  than 
a  reading  course.  The  department  will  undertake  to  guide  the 
student,  assign  the  lessons,  and  conduct  the  examinations. 

The  course  embraces  four  books  for  each  year.  There  are 
also  three  books  given  as  electives  for  each  year.  Any  one  of 
these  books  in  the  elective  course  may  be  substituted  for  any 
one  of  the  books  in  the  prescribed  course. 

It  is  optional  with  the  student  as  to  how  much  or  how  little 
of  the  course  he  takes  in  one  year.  The  three  years'  work 
can  be  completed  in  one  year  by  reading  one  book  a  month. 

As  a  minimum  the  department  suggests  four  books  a  year 
or  one  year's  work  within  the  prescribed  time  Hmits.  This  can 
be  easily  done  by  the  average  man  or  woman. 

A  hst  of  books  for  advance  study  is  also  given  and  also  a 
list  of  helpful  biographies  of  those  eminent  in  the  social  move- 
ment of  our  time. 

Any  student  interested  in  special  phases  of  the  social  problems 
will  be  gladly  aided  in  his  study  by  the  department,  and  such 
special  courses  as  may  be  desired  will  be  outlined  upon  request. 

Registration  fee  for  the  course,  $i.oo.  Cost  of  course,  $2.00 
per  year — making  a  total  of  $7.00  for  the  entire  course. 

The  cost  for  the  three  years'  courses,  including  registration 
fee,  will  be  $5.00  if  paid  in  advance. 

A  suitable  and  attractive  diploma  will  be  awarded  to  all  who 
satisfactorily  complete  the  course. 


148    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

rrcsbytcriau   (Northern) 

Perhaps  the  most  critical  period  of  a  preacher's  experience 
is  during  the  fourth  or  fifth  year  of  his  ministry,  when  he  has 
been  disilhisioned  about  some  pet  theories,  and  when  he  has 
come  to  face  the  realh-  big  problems  of  life.  Just  then  he  needs 
to  get  a  fresh  grip  upon  himself.  He  will  probably  never  do  it 
by  running  away,  for  folks  are  folks  wherever  you  find  them, 
and  the  task  will  no  doubt  be  just  as  difticult  in  the  next  field. 

It's  a  question  of  mastering  the  field  and  meeting  the  situation 
— as  it  is.  No  doubt  a  post-graduate  course  in  practical 
Christianity,  sometimes  called  "sociology-."  might  help ;  but  it's 
too  far  awa}' — both  the  school  and  the  money.  We  have  a 
Correspondence  Course  in  Applied  Christianity  which  will  at 
least  give  a  new  outlook  upon  the  task,  and  hundreds  of  men — 
and  a  few  women — have  been  greatly  benefited  by  taking  it. 
We  will  indicate  to  you  how  you  may  become  the  master  of 
your  work.  The  lessons  are  free  from  technical  terms  and 
no  previous  knowledge  of  social  science  is  necessary.  We  seek 
to  have  the  student  see  his  problem  from  the  most  practical 
standpoint,  so  that  he  may  immediately  apply  the  knowledge 
which  he  has  acquired.  The  course  does  not  cost  much  money 
— five  dollars  includes  the  text-books  and  the  studies.  There 
is  personal  supervision  of  the  lessons,  and  if  there's  a  special 
problem  in  j-our  own  field,  our  specialists  will  assist  you  in 
working  it  out.  There  are  courses  on  the  city,  the  country 
field,  and  on  church  advertising.  Other  courses  will  be  added. 
Write  to  headquarters  for  explanator>'  literature. 

Protestant  Episcopal 
A  Correspondence  Course  for  Parish  Workers  in  Indus- 
trial Communities  has  been  prepared  for  the  Correspondence 
School  of  the  General  Board  of  Religious  Education  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  by  the  Joint  Commission  on 
Social  Service.  The  object  of  this  course  is  to  give  the 
student:  (i)  a  general  idea  of  what  Social  Service  is;  (2)  a 
view  of  the  problem  of  his  or  her  community  as  a  whole: 

(3)  some  knowledge  of  specific  phases  of  the  problem;  and 

(4)  of  principles  and  methods  of  Social  Service  by  the 
Church,  in  cooperation  with  secular  agencies  of  social  reform 
and  with  social  agencies  of  other  religious  bodies.  The 
registration  fee,  which  is  $3.00,  includes  the  required  refer- 
ence books. 


Methods  and  Programs  149 

SOME    SPECIMEN    QUESTIONS    ARE! 

From  Lesson  I  (What  Is  Social  Serviced)  : 
I.  How   does   Social   Service   differ   from   charity   in   the  old 
sense? 

3.  Explain  the  statement  that  Social  Service  attempts  to 
employ  methods  based  on  modern  social  science.  Does  this 
necessarily  make  Social  Service  any  the  less  religious? 

From  Lessons  II-V  (The  Community  Problem  as  a  Whole)  : 

1.  Are  the  physical  characteristics  of  your  community  such 
as  to  aid  or  hinder  the  development  of  a  normal  community 
life?     Illustrate. 

2.  Has  there  been  any  attempt  to  work  out  a  city  plan  for 
your  community,  with  provision  for  factory  and  business  dis- 
tricts? for  residential  districts?  for  parks  and  playgrounds? 
for  schools,  lecture  halls,  etc.?  for  rapid  transit?     Illustrate. 

2.  What  proportion  of  the  population  is  foreign?  native-born 
of  alien  parents?  foreign-born  of  aHen  parents? 

From  Lessons  VI-VIII   (Labor  in  the  Community)  : 

4.  Are  any  of  the  local  industries  by  their  nature  especially 
hazardous  to  life,  limb,  or  health?     Enumerate  and  explain. 

5.  Explain  the  three  distinguishing  methods  of  syndicalism — 
the  general  strike,  the  repeated  strike,  sabotage? 

10.  Are  wages  adequate  to  the  necessities  of  life  as  deter- 
mined by  local  prices?     Explain. 

5.  Are  the  employees  in  any  local  industry  or  shop  entirely 
or  partly  organized  in  trade  unions?  Is  trade  unionism  recog- 
nized as  a  real  force  in  the  industrial  life  of  the  community? 
Explain   fully. 

2.  What  is  your  opinion  of  the  underlying  philosophy  of 
socialism — the  collective  ownership  and  control  of  the  means 
of  production  and  distribution  of  the  necessities  of  life? 

From  Lesson  IX   (Poverty  in  the  Community)  : 

3.  How  many  families  in  your  community  are  not  getting  a 
real  living  wage?  In  other  words,  how  much  so-called  poverty 
is  due  to  insufficient  pay  for  work  done? 

9.  Should  the  church  really  not  be  concerned  as  much  with 
the  establishment  of  social  justice  as  with  the  immediate  relief 
of  poverty?  Is  it  not  the  duty  of  the  church  to  proclaim  a 
fair  opportunity  for  all  classes  to  enjoy  the  necessities  and  a 
reasonable  amount  of  the  comforts  of  life?    Explain. 


150    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

From  Lesson  X    {How  to   Organize  and  Educate   the 
Parish  for  Community  Service)  : 
I.  What   are  three  principles  governing  the   relation   of   the 
parish  to  community  service? 

6.  What  social,  moral,  and  spiritual  forces  are  at  work  in 
the  community — churches,  secular  (voluntary),  social  agencies, 
municipal  agencies?    Enumerate. 

The  Sunday  School 

The  necessity  of  educational  preparation  for  social  service 
in  the  churches  is  leading  to  its  emphasis  in  the  Sunday- 
school,  both  in  the  curriculum  and  in  practical  activities. 

Methodist  Episcopal 

One  of  the  great  words  of  modern  education  is,  "learn  by 
doing."  Our  students  now  work  in  the  laboratory,  the  shop, 
and  the  field.  In  the  Sunday-school,  where  not  knowledge  but 
life  is  the  objective  point,  it  is  of  supreme  importance  that 
religion  shall  be  expressed  in  action.  It  is  not  sufficient  that 
the  curriculum  of  the  Sunday-school  should  have  a  social  aim. 
The  school  itself  must  be  organized  for  actual  social  service. 
This  should  be,  not  the  mere  expression  of  particular  lessons, 
but  one  aspect  of  the  united  Hfe  of  the  school;  every  school  that 
organizes  its  group  life  for  definite  ends,  such  as  the  support 
of  missions  and  other  general  church  agencies  as  well  as  for 
local  social  service,  is  thereby  training  all  its  pupils  in  the  social 
expression  of  rehgion.  Without  some  means  of  expressing 
religion  in  social  action,  no  matter  how  complete  the  curriculum 
otherwise,  the  school  is  educationally  deficient.  Therefore  every 
efficient  school  will  have  a  definite  plan  of  social  service  work, 
which  will  relate  the  whole  life  of  the  school  to  some  local 
community  need.  This  work  will  be  coordinated  by  a  social 
service  committee  representing  the  various  departments,  and 
will  be  continually  kept  before  the  attention  of  the  school  in 
programs,  reports,  and  assignments  of  duties.  In  it  every  class 
will  have  some  clearly  defined  part.  This,  however,  leaves 
individual  classes  free  to  take  up  some  particular  piece  of  social 
service  work  on  their  own  initiative,  and  these  class  efforts 
can,  from  time  to  time,  be  reported  to  the  entire  school  and 
thus  add  impetus  to  the  general  plan. 

There  is  no  department  of  the  church  which  has  a  heavier 
responsibility  or  a  larger  opportunity  for  the  Christianizing  of 


Methods  and  Programs  151 

the  social  order  than  the  Sunday-school.  The  social  service 
movement  looks  to  the  Sunday-school  to  train  a  generation  of 
Christians  who  will  see  the  social  goal  of  Christianity  with  the 
vision  of  Jesus,  and  so  will  have  both  a  social  consciousness 
and  a  social  conscience  animated  by  the  religious  motive.  It 
is  the  Sunday-school  teacher's  opportunity  to  develop  the  natural 
instinct  of  childhood  to  help  others  until  it  becomes  the  passion 
for  service;  to  unfold  the  rehgious  nature  of  social  and  civic 
duties,  the  divine  values  in  human  relationships,  until  a  religious 
experience  is  developed  that  covers  the  whole  of  life. 

The  first  social  service  opportunity  of  the  teacher  lies  in  the 
social  interpretation  and  appHcation  of  the  lesson.  Having 
secured  the  general  social  background  of  the  lesson,  the  teacher's 
individual  contribution  will  be  to  apply  it  to  local  conditions 
and  needs.  Just  because  the  social  life  of  the  child  up  to  twelve 
years  of  age  centers  so  largely  in  the  home,  there  is  the  supreme 
opportunity  at  this  period  to  extend  those  relationships,  on  the 
same  basis,  to  the  community  as  the  larger  family,  thus  saving 
children  from  that  selfish,  self-centered,  and  house-centered  life 
which  is  the  cause  of  much  of  our  community  weakness. 

Protestant  Episcopal 

Social  instruction  in  the  Sunday-school  involves  an  exposition 
of  the  social  implications  of  the  Bible,  especially  of  the  Old 
Testament  prophets  and  the  Gospels.  It  involves  also  the 
presentation  at  least  to  the  more  mature  pupils  of  significant 
phases  of  our  contemporary  social  problem  and  of  methods  of 
social  service.  It  involves  further  the  working  out  of  some 
kind  of  system  which  will  enable  Sunday-school  pupils  of 
various  ages  to  render  at  least  an  elementary  kind  of  social 
service.  Certain  efforts  in  this  direction  have  already  been 
made.  It  is  hoped  that  during  the  coming  year  cooperation 
between  the  Commission  and  the  General  Board  of  Religious 
Education  may  result  in  the  preparation  of  a  Sunday-school 
curriculum  which  shall  make  adequate  provision  for  social 
instruction  and  social  activity. 

Here,  it  would  seem,  we  have  a  long-sought  opportunity  for 
bridging  the  present  gap  between  the  Sunday-school  and  the 
church.  The  reason  why  so  many  of  our  Sunday-school  pupils, 
of  late  years  especially,  have  gone  out  from  the  Sunday-school 
at  a  comparatively  immature  age  and  have  at  the  same  time 
failed  to  graduate  into  the  church  and  its  activities  is  perhaps 
because  we  have  not  been  making  the  most  of  the  altruistic 


152    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Impulses  of  adolescence.  Methods  of  and  equipment  for  reli- 
gious instruction  are  being  revolutionized  in  accordance  with 
pedagogical  principles  worked  out  in  secular  education.  The 
subject-matter  of  the  Sunday-school  curriculum,  however,  has 
until  recently  remained  untouched.  We  have  not  been  present- 
ing with  sufficient  concreteness  the  Christian  challenge  to  service. 
The  appeal  to  our  boys  and  girls  has  been  rather  too  academic; 
it  has  emphasized  the  individual  to  the  exclusion  of  the  social 
aspect  of  Christianity;  it  has  not  vitally  related  itself  to  the 
needs  of  the  modern  community.  Just  how  far  the  readjustment 
can  go  is  of  course  an  open  question.  Discretion  will  have  to  be 
used.  The  fact  remains,  however,  that  here  is  an  opportunity 
of  taking  the  boy  and  girl  out  from  the  Sunday-school  into  the 
community  life.  The  modern  social  movement,  as  we  know, 
is  due  in  great  measure  to  the  enthusiasm  of  young  men  and 
young  women;  this  enthusiasm  they  have  developed  under  the 
influence  not  so  much  of  the  church  as  of  secular  agencies 
engaged  in  social  work.  It  is  time  indeed  that  our  church  and 
other  communions  throughout  the  land  should  make  a  consistent 
attempt  to  relate  at  least  the  older  boys  and  girls  to  the  service 
of  the  community  in  which  a  given  parish  finds  itself. 

Unitarian 

An  important  factor  in  holding  the  interest  of  the  young 
people  in  our  churches  is  organization  for  Social  Service.  It 
is  true  that  the  note  of  service  is  clearly  sounded  in  young 
people's  meetings  of  all  denominations,  but  rarely  with  a  steadi- 
ness of  tone  to  command  constant  attention  and  response. 
Spasmodic  efforts  have  no  place  in  the  Church  School,  which 
at  best  can  secure  comparatively  small  allotments  of  time  for 
its  various  activities.  Efficiency  in  social  service  requires  well- 
considered  plans  for  progressive  and  related  effort.  The  sub- 
ject of  morals  is  so  intimately  connected  with  that  of  service 
that  the  importance  of  efficiency  as  an  ideal  is  clear.  There 
should  be  careful  organization  from  the  youngest  groups  of 
children  to  the  oldest,  not  only  for  the  sake  of  the  good  cause 
to  be  served,  but  for  the  distinct  purpose  of  arousing  and 
sustaining  in  young  people  an  interest  in  the  world  outside  of 
self.  The  church  should  welcome  the  children  into  a  definite 
progressive  work  for  humanity — no  school  of  the  church  being 
complete  without  a  carefully  arranged  plan  for  social  service. 


Methods  and  Programs  153 

SUGGESTED   PROGRAMS 

The  kinds  of  social  service  activities  which  will  be  de- 
veloped by  local  churches  and  groups  of  churches  are  indi- 
cated in  the  following  suggested  programs : 

Baptist   (Northern) 
I.    The  Church 

1.  Call  the  churches'  attention  to  the  recommendation  of  the 
Executive  Committee  adopted  by  Northern  Baptist  Convention: 

"Every  church  should  have  a  constructive  program  for  serving 
the  social  needs  of  its  community,  either  individually  or  through 
the  largest  possible  cooperation  with  other  agencies  of  human 
uplift." 

Then  endeavor  to  have  each  church  consider  the  responsibility 
for  community  conditions,  lead  the  people  in  social  study,  and 
unite  them  for  effective  service. 

2.  Encourage  each  church  to  create  a  Social  Service  Com- 
mittee.   See  Bulletin  No.  15  (page  105). 

3.  Promote  in  each  church  the  study  of  the  Social  Gospel 
and  Social  Questions.  For  suggestions,  see  Bulletin  No.  13, 
"Social  Studies  for  Adult  Classes  and  Brotherhoods." 

4.  Encourage  each  church  to  form  a  Social  Service  library 
for  use  of  the  people.  Bulletin  No.  2,  "Social  Service  BibHog- 
raphy  and  Reading  Course." 

5.  Encourage  each  church  to  study  community  conditions  in 
its  neighborhood,  and  guide  the  church  committee  in  this  work 
of  community  study.  Bulletin  No.  3,  "The  Civic  Program"; 
also.  What  Every  Church  Should  Know  About  Its  Community 
(page  103). 

6.  Encourage  the  church  Social  Service  Committee  to  study 
the  various  agencies  for  community  betterment,  such  as  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  the  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  the  Charity  Organization 
Society,  the  Juvenile  Court,  the  Playground  Association,  the 
Police  Department,  and  to  cooperate  with  these  in  every  possible 
way.  It  is  better  to  infuse  the  Christian  spirit  into  each  of  these 
and  to  make  it  the  Christian  agency  for  doing  social  work  than 
to  attempt  to  create  a  new  organization. 

II.    The  Community 

In  every  community  it  will  be  found  that  many  things  demand 
attention  and  action.    It  will  be  impossible,  of  course,  for  people 


154    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

to  give  attention  to  all  these  matters  at  the  same  time.  In  each 
community  the  people  should  carefully  select  the  things  that  are 
especially  urgent  and  get  them  done. 

1.  Secure  the  formation  of  some  kind  of  interchurch  federa- 
tion. In  many  cases  it  may  be  found  desirable  to  have  a  feder- 
ation of  church  Brotherhoods  and  Adult  Classes. 

2.  Have  the  workers  in  every  community,  whether  country, 
town,  or  city,  study  local  conditions  and  make  a  community 
survey  through  adequate  educational  or  expert  agencies. 

3.  Have  a  careful  supervision  of  moving  picture  and  other 
shows,  dance  halls,  pool  rooms,  etc, 

4.  Have  the  city  adopt  the  Probation  System  for  all  delin- 
quents and  alcoholics  under  the  Big  Brother  and  Big  Sister  Plan. 

5.  Have  the  jails  visited  frequently  and  see  that  the  proper 
segregation  of  prisoners  is  secured.  Also  study  the  causes  of 
crime  and  delinquency  and  endeavor  both  to  save  young 
offenders  and  to  remove  the  causes  and  conditions  of  crime. 

6.  Let  a  wise  and  concerted  movement  be  made  to  create  high 
ideals  of  sex  chivalry,  to  maintain  the  single  standard  of  purity, 
to  teach  sex  morality,  and  to  abolish  the  Red  Light  district. 

7.  Study  housing  conditions  and  secure  the  adoption  of  a  good 
building  and  housing  code  which  shall  maintain  standard  hous- 
ing conditions ;  and  have  regular  inspection  of  tenements, 
rooming  houses,  and  hotels. 

8.  Secure  the  cooperation  of  the  people  in  every  community 
in  definite  and  concrete  ways  with  every  movement  to  provide 
proper  and  adequate  playgrounds  for  children,  a  Labor  Temple 
for  working  men,  and  Social  Centers  in  the  public  schools. 

9.  Have  a  committee,  representing  the  various  agencies  of  the 
community,  study  the  question  of  unemployment,  and  then  frame 
a  comprehensive  and  constructive  policy  of  relief  and  prevention. 

ID.  Have  the  people  realize  that  such  social  evils  as  crime, 
poverty,  disease,  premature  death,  feeble-mindedness,  have  social 
causes  and  conditions ;  and  that  these  causes  should  be  dis- 
covered and  abolished. 

III.    The  State 

It  is  important  that  the  various  organizations  representing  the 
churches  should  hold  a  conference  and  agree  in  a  state  program. 
Many  things  require  attention,  but  the  following  are  urgent: 

I.  Arrange  for  the  proper  consideration  of  Social  Service, 
both  in  reference  to  the  city  church  and  the  country  community, 
at  the  State  Convention  and  the  Associational  meetings. 


Methods  and  Programs  155 

2.  Secure  the  enactment  of  legislation  providing  for  one  day 
of  rest  in  seven  for  all  workers ;  and  have  the  law  properly 
enforced. 

3.  Secure  legislation  providing  for  the  registration  of  births, 
for  morbidity  and  mortality  statistics,  and  for  all  similar  matters. 

4.  Encourage  the  practice  of  having  all  applicants  for  a 
marriage  license  present  a  physician's  certificate  showing  free- 
dom from  venereal  disease  and  mental  defects. 

5.  Have  the  state  adopt  a  system  of  accident  and  disability 
hisurance,  widows'  pensions,  and  old  age  pensions. 

6.  Secure  a  good  Child  Labor  Law,  and  see  that  it  is  fairly 
enforced. 

7.  Secure  legislation  providing  for  a  limited  term  for  all  public 
franchises  and  forbidding  all  overissue  of  stock. 

8.  Secure  the  most  sympathetic  cooperation  between  Christian 
people  and  working  men  in  behalf  of  industrial  justice,  peace, 
and  brotherhood. 

9.  Give  careful  consideration  to  such  questions  as  low  wages, 
the  cost  of  living,  hours  of  toil,  industrial  fatigue,  and  similar 
matters,  and  take  such  action  as  may  be  necessary  to  bring  relief 
to  the  people  and  to  lessen  the  pressure  of  toil. 

10.  Prepare  an  exhibit  for  the  State  Convention  and  see  that 
a  supply  of  Social  Service  literature  is  displayed. 

11.  Secure  a  series  of  articles  dealing  with  various  phases  of 
the  work  both  of  city  and  country  churches  and  have  these 
published  in  the  denominational  papers. 

IV.    The   Industrial  Order 

1.  For  equal  rights  and  complete  justice  for  all  men  in  all 
stations  of  life. 

2.  For  the  protection  of  the  family,  by  the  single  standard 
of  purity,  uniform  divorce  laws,  proper  regulation  of  marriage, 
and  proper  housing. 

3.  For  the  fullest  possible  development  for  every  child,  espe- 
cially by  the  provision  of  proper  education  and  recreation. 

4.  For  the  abolition  of  child  labor. 

5.  For  such  regulation  of  the  conditions  of  toil  for  women 
as  shall  safeguard  the  physical  and  moral  health  of  the  com- 
munity. 

6.  For  the  abatement  and  prevention  of  poverty. 

7.  For  the  protection  of  the  individual  and  society  from  the 
social,  economic,  and  moral  waste  of  the  liquor  traffic. 

8.  For  the  conservation  of  health. 


156    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

9.  For  the  protection  of  the  worker  from  dangerous  ma- 
chinery,  occupational   diseases,   and  mortality. 

10.  For  the  right  of  all  men  to  the  opportunity  for  self-main- 
tenance, for  safeguarding  this  right  against  encroachments  of 
every  kind,  and  for  the  protection  of  workers  from  the  hard- 
ships of  enforced  unemployment. 

11.  For  suitable  provision  for  the  old  age  of  the  workers,  and 
for  those  incapacitated  by  injury. 

12.  For  the  right  of  employees  and  employers  alike  to 
organize;  and  for  adequate  means  of  conciliation  and  arbitration 
in  industrial  disputes. 

13.  For  the  release  from  employment  one  day  in  seven. 

14.  For  the  gradual  and  reasonable  reduction  of  the  hours 
of  labor  to  the  lowest  practicable  point,  and  for  that  degree 
of  leisure  for  all  which  is  a  condition  of  the  highest  human 
life. 

15.  For  a  living  wage  as  a  minimum  in  every  industry,  and 
for  the  highest  wage  that  each  industry  can  afford. 

16.  For  a  new  emphasis  upon  the  application  of  Christian 
principles  to  the  acquisition  and  use  of  property,  and  for  the 
most  equitable  division  of  the  product  of  industry  that  can 
ultimately  be  devised. 

Methodist  Episcopal 

When  the  church  sees  the  community  in  all  its  organized 
life  as  the  object  of  redemption,  then  the  church  will  follow 
the  pastor  in  the  development  of  a  community  program  which 
will  become  an  integral  part  of  the  life  of  the  church,  will 
continue  regardless  of  change  of  pastors,  and  will  be  one  of 
the  lastiiig  things  a  man  may  leave  behind  him.  This  program 
may  be  confined  at  first  to  a  minimum ;  the  things  the  church 
will  work  for  and  if  need  be  fight  for,  in  order  to  get  proper 
community  treatment  of  the  poor,  the  sick,  the  prisoner,  the 
immigrant,  the  industrial  worker.  Inevitably  the  program  will 
enlarge  itself  until  it  also  defines  religious  standards  for  the 
community  life — its  health  and  housing,  child  welfare,  trans- 
portation, recreation,  government,  and  industry.  To  outline 
such  a  program  is  to  interpret  religion  to  the  community  as 
well  as  to  the  church.  To  carry  out  such  a  program  is  to  reveal 
God  in  power  to  modern  life. 

The  organization  of  the  church  for  the  carrying  out  of  this 
program  means  the  gradual  development  of  social  service 
activities  in  each  church  society;  then  the  coordination  of  the 


Methods  and  Programs  157 

whole  under  the  direction  of  a  social  service  committee  repre- 
senting each  society. 

Protestant  Episcopal 

The  principles  which  should  govern  the  parish  in  relating 
itself  helpfully  to  the  solution  of  social  problems  are  roughly 
as  follows : 

1.  To  study  community  problems  and  formulate  a  careful 
and  intelligent  plan  of  action  with  the  twofold  aim  of  eliminat- 
ing bad,  and  bringing  about  good  conditions,  emphasis  to  be 
laid  upon  constructive,  rather  than  upon  mere  preventive  effort. 

2.  To  cooperate  in  such  action,  where  possible,  with  other 
local  congregations  of  any  denomination,  and  with  all  intelli- 
gent and  well-administered  social  agencies,  public  and  private, 
in  such  a  way  as  to  benefit  by  the  knowledge  and  experience 
of  these  secular  agencies,  and  to  give  them  needed  assistance, 
while  at  the  same  time  leaving  to  them  what  they  are  equipped 
to  do,  and  avoiding  unnecessary  duplication  of  effort. 

3.  To  provide  for  the  members  of  the  parish,  young  and  old, 
elementary  instruction  and  courses  of  study  in  social  questions, 
and  to  furnish  opportunity  for  practical  individual  training  in 
service  through  cooperation  with  recognized  social  agencies 
of  the  community. 

4.  To  proclaim  the  necessity  of  pure  and  honest  administration 
of  community  affairs  through  the  choice  of  clean,  strong  men 
for  office,  and  to  bring  to  bear  on  legislation  and  public  policies 
the  test  of  Christian  principles.  Such  cooperation,  direct  or 
indirect,  with  the  state  may  take  the  form,  on  occasion,  of 
indorsement  of  competent  and  honest  officials,  whether  of 
municipal  or  of  state  administrations,  and  the  corresponding 
condemnation   of  incompetent  and  dishonest  officials. 

5.  To  insist  that  the  local  press  shall,  so  far  as  possible,  be 
conducted  on  a  basis  of  regard  for  the  common  weal,  rather 
than  of  selfish  exploitation  of  news  and  the  direct  or  indirect 
support  of  corrupt  poHtics  and  politicians. 

Unitarian 
The  Unitarian  churches  in  particular  have  always  declared 
that  religion  is  not  the  acceptance  of  a  creed  nor  the  observance 
of  a  form,  but  a  life  of  service  and  good-will.  They  have 
pleaded  for  the  application  of  religious  principles  to  practical 
affairs,  and  they  have  been  preeminent  in  promoting  philan- 
thropies and  reform.s.  The  obligation  to  continue  and  enlarge 
these  endeavors  is  clear  and  positive.     As  the  exemplars  of  a 


158    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

religion  of  every-day  life,  and  as  the  prophets  of  democratic 
idealism,  the  Unitarian  churches  must  resolutely  meet  and  use 
the  new  occasions  that  now  teach  new  duties. 

The  social  service  which  the  churches  can  render,  either  as 
organizations  or  through  their  members,  is  of  three  kinds : 
(i)  The  relief  of  suffering;  (2)  the  prevention  of  poverty, 
disease,  crime,  and  industrial  or  international  warfare;  and  (3) 
the  promotion  of  constructive  social  reform. 

The  national  committees  v^orking  in  special  fields  recom- 
mend a  program  to  the  local  church  covering  the  following 
questions : 

Civil  Service  Reform;  Conservation  of  National  Re- 
sources; Health  and  Sanitation;  Housing  Reform;  Immi- 
gration; Industrial  and  Vocational  Education;  International 
Arbitration;  Labor  Legislation;  Marriage  and  Divorce; 
Prison  Reform;  Public  Recreation;  Rural  Conditions;  Sex 
Education  and  Hygiene;  Standards  of  Living  and  Labor; 
Taxation;  Temperance;  Industrial  Disputes  and  Arbitra- 
tion; Child  Welfare. 

A  REASONABLE  PROGRAM  FOR  THE  INDIVIDUAL 
CHURCH 

Recommended   by    the    Committees   of   the   Men   and   Religion 
Forward   Movement  in   New   York   City 

1.  Have  a  Committee  on  Social  Service,  of  not  less  than  five 
men,  the  Chairman  of  which  shall  represent  the  church  in  the 
District  Social  Service  Committee;  this  Committee  to  serve  also 
as  a  Committee  on  legislative  action. 

2.  Make  a  list  of  all  Social  Service  work  being  done  by 
your  members,  men  and  women,  in  the  church  and  community. 
For  this  purpose  blanks  may  be  secured  from  the  Federation 
of  Churches. 

3.  Make  a  list  of  all  members  of  your  church  ready  to  engage 
in  particular  tasks  of  Social  Service. 

4.  Begin  now  to  interest  the  members  of  the  Social  Service 
Committee  and  all  others  ready  to  undertake  Social  Service, 
to  attend  Social  Service  Institutes. 

5.  Invite  representatives  of  labor  and  of  various  forms  of 
social  work  to  speak  at  appropriate  meetings  in  your  church. 

6.  Open  your  church  to  meetings  under  the  auspices  of  labor 


Methods  and  Proo^rams  159 


»^ 


organizations,    social    agencies,    and    committees    for    benevolent 
enterprises. 

7.  Use,  if  possible,  in  men's  classes  or  other  meetings  of  men 
The  Gospel  of  the  Kingdom,  published  by  the  American  Institute 
of  Social  Service,  or  some  other  suitable  study  of  the  social 
teachings  of  the  Bible. 

8.  Cooperate  with  the  charitable  agencies  in  your  district. 

9.  Assume  full  responsibihty  for  a  definite  area  of  your 
neighborhood  in  a  cooperative  parish  work,  making  this  assumed 
area  your  immediate  task.  The  responsibihty  area  should  be 
assigned,  wherever  possible,  to  each  church  by  a  committee 
representing  all  the  churches  of  the  district. 

10.  Know  the  injurious  agencies  of  social  life  in  your  responsi- 
bility area  and  neighborhood,  such  as  the  saloon,  dance  hall, 
picture  show,  theater,  etc.,  and  keep  watch  that  they  do  not 
violate  the  law.  A  map  of  these  agencies  will  be  found  very 
helpful. 

11.  Make  larger  use  of  the  church  building  as  a  neighborhood 
center. 

12.  Encourage  your  minister  in  his  effort  to  realize  the  social 
mission  of  the  church,  freeing  him  from  other  cares  that  he 
may  work  for  social  betterment. 

13.  EnHst  men  for  some  specific  social  service,  as  they  become 
members  of  the  church. 

14.  Study  carefully  the  Social  Service  charts  made  for  the 
Eight  Day  Campaign,  also  the  recommendations  of  the  Social 
Service  experts  of  the  team,  and  the  findings  and  recommenda- 
tions contained  in  the  report  of  the  Borough  Committee  on 
Social  Service,  all  of  which  are  to  be  seen  at  the  offices  of  the 
Federation  of  Churches. 

15.  Invite  the  Social  Service  Secretary  to  cooperate  with  your 
church  in  a  careful  study  of  its  field,  opportunities,  and  responsi- 
bilities, and  in  devising  plans  and  the  organizations  necessary 
to  fulfil  the  function  of  the  church  in  the  life  of  the  community. 

16.  Arrange  for  occasional  meetings  with  the  other  churches 
in  your  local  district,  for  consultation  as  to  district  problems, 
and  hold  occasional  union  meetings  where  social  service  ques- 
tions may  be  discussed  and  united  action  taken. 

Protestant  Episcopal 

Reports  received  for  the  year  1914  of  the  community  work 
of  upwards  of  thirty  parishes,  larger  and  smaller,  scattered 
throughout  the  country,  indicate  the  awakening  interest  which 


160    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

the  Episcopal  Church  is  taking  in  the  real  problems  of  society. 
The  special  interests  and  activities  of  these  various  parishes 
include  probation  work,  recreation  centers,  red-light  abatement, 
relief  work,  investigation  of  theaters  and  motion-pictures,  the 
unemployment  problem,  vacation  schools,  visitation  of  homes  and 
social  institutions,  child  welfare,  social  study  classes,  civic 
forums  and  local  surveys,  clinical  and  hospital  social  service, 
civic  problems,  housing,  kindergartens,  day  nurseries,  libraries 
and  reading-rooms,  the  liquor  traffic,  etc.  A  closer  analysis 
shows  that  the  most  popular  interest  centers  in  such  problems 
as  recreation  centers,  social  instruction  through  classes,  forums 
and  surveys,  relief  work  and  unemployment. 

A  SOCIAL  SERVICE  PROGRAM  FOR  A  PARISH  IN  AN 
INDUSTRIAL  COMMUNITY 

I.    Investigation  of  Local  Conditions 

1.  Topography.     Situation  and  area  of  the  community;  dis- 

tance from  other  communities ;  physical  characteristics 
— rivers,  lakes,  hills ;  means  of  communication  and 
transportation — telephone,  automobiles,  trolley-cars,  etc. 
Has  there  been  any  attempt  to  formulate  and  carry 
out  a  "city  plan"  which  shall  make  adequate  provision 
for  factory-sites,  civic  and  social  centers,  boulevards 
and  promenades,  parks  and  playgrounds,  school-sites, 
transportation  hues,  proper  housing  areas,  etc.?  If 
not,  why  not?  Cannot  something  be  done  in  this  direc- 
tion? 

2.  Population.     Composition :  proportion  of  natives  to  aliens, 

of  wage-workers  to  employers,  to  professional  workers, 
to  idlers. 

Is  there  a  spirit  of  cooperation  or  of  class-conscious- 
ness? Lawlessness?  Frequent  strikes  and  lock-outs? 
Disposition  to  arbitrate  industrial  disputes? 

How  can  your  parish  promote  a  spirit  of  good-will 
in  common  service? 

3.  Industries    (cf.  2,   supra).     Character:   dangerous,   confin- 

ing, monotonous  ?  Conditions  of  employment :  sanitary 
shops,  comfort  and  safety  devices,  fire  protection,  etc.? 
Hours  of  employment :  for  men,  for  women,  for  chil- 
dren? Proportion  of  women  employees?  of  child  em- 
ployees ?  Rate  of  wages :  adequate  to  the  community's 
standard  of  living? 


Methods  and  Programs  161 

What  has  been  done  in  general  to  improve  working 
conditions?  What  might  be  done?  How  can  your 
parish  help? 
4.  Living  Conditions.  Housing:  tenements,  "model"  homes 
for  working  people,  etc.?  Recreation  and  amusement: 
parks  and  playgrounds,  theaters  and  moving-picture 
shows,  dance  halls  and  saloons,  athletic  clubs,  etc? 
Transportation :  distance  of  homes  from  factories,  over- 
crowding of  cars,  rate  of  fares,  etc.? 

What  has  been   done — what  can  your  parish  do — to 
improve  living  conditions? 

n.    Relation  between  the   Community   Need  and  Remedial 
Agencies 

1.  Forces  Engaged  in  Community  Uplift.     Associated  Char- 

ities? Probation  Association?  Tuberculosis  Commit- 
tee? Housing  Reform  Committee?  Arbitration  Boards 
for  the  settlement  of  industrial  disputes?  Community 
Forward  Movement?  etc. 

2.  Success  of  Such  Forces.     Perfunctory  or   really  efficient 

service?  Needing  funds  or  workers?  Lacking  a  con- 
structive program? 

HI.    Relation    between    Local    Agencies    and    the    Parish 
Agency 

1.  How  has  your  parish  cooperated  in   community  service? 

In  what  special  field  of  effort?  With  what  organiza- 
tions?    With  what  success? 

2.  //  you  have  not  yet  cooperated  in  social  work,  how  can 

youf    In  what  field?    With  what  agencies? 

3.  Can  your  parish  assum.e  leadership  in  any  needed  work 

which  is  not  being  done? 

IV.    Attitude  and  Education  of  Parishioners 

1.  Are  your  people  favorably  disposed  toward  social  service? 

If  so,  how  can  you  utiHze  their  services?  As  volunteer 
workers  under  direction  of  secular  agencies  in  your 
community?  Collectively,  through  a  social  service 
league  or  committee? 

2.  //  they  are  not  favorably  disposed,  how  can  you  win  them 

over?  By  persuasion?  By  education — through  a  social 
service  class,  through  conferences  on  social  topics, 
through  visits  to  actual  institutions  or  districts  that 
need  help,  through  reading  courses,  etc.? 


162    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

V.    Kinds  of  Social  Service  in  Which  an  Industrial  Com- 
munity Should  be  Engaged 

1.  City-planning? 

2.  Housing  reform? 

3.  Provision  of  recreation  facilities? 

4.  Educational  reform? 

5.  Improvement  and  cheapening  of  transportation? 

6.  Suppression  of  vice,  crime,  and  intemperance? 

7.  Prevention  of  industrial  diseases  and  accidents,  and  com- 

pensation therefor? 

8.  Abolition  of  child  labor? 

9.  Regulation  of  woman  labor? 

10.     Promotion  of  efficiency  of  civic  administration? 

Baptist   (Northern) 

SUGGESTIONS   FOR  A   CITY    PROGRAM— THINGS    TO 
BE  DONE 

The  following  list  suggests  a  number  of  things  to  be  done 
in  community  betterment.  No  person  can  be  equally  interested 
in  all  of  these  items.  These  things  cannot  all  be  done  in  one 
city  at  once.  But  everything  named  here  should  be  done  as  soon 
as  possible.  Some  needs  are  more  pressing  in  some  communities 
than  in  others.  No  right-minded  person  willing  to  do  some- 
thing need  be  without  a  task.  No  group  of  men  can  say  there 
is  nothing  for  them  to  do.  Many  of  the  things  mentioned  here 
are  being  done  in  some  community.  If  you  would  like  to  know 
how  to  do  something  in  your  community,  learn  how  it  is  being 
done  in  some  other  community.  Any  effort  that  will  help  any 
life  in  any  way  is  the  translation  into  deed  of  some  article  of 
the  Christian  faith. 

The  first  fifteen  items  are  some  of  the  things  requiring  im- 
mediate action  in  most  communities. 

1.  Have    regular    inspection    of    tenements,    rooming    houses, 
and  hotels. 

2.  Have   a  good  building   code   and   maintain    standards   of 
housing  conditions. 

3.  Have  moving  picture  and  similar  shows  well  censored. 

4.  See  that  dance  halls  are  regularly  inspected  and  carefully 
regulated. 

5.  Abolish  the  red  light  district. 

6.  Secure  an  ordinance  requiring  fruit  dealers,  bakers,   etc., 
to  screen  wares  from  the  flies. 


Methods  and  Programs  163 

7.  Attend  the  juvenile  court  and  make  it  fully  efficient. 

8.  Have  a  city  farm  and  workhouse  for  tramps  and   short- 
term  prisoners. 

9.  Have    probation    system    for    all    delinquents    and    intem- 
perate men  and  women. 

10.  Cooperate  with  the  working  men  in  securing  a  Labor 
Temple. 

11.  Secure  for  every  worker  one  day's  rest  in  seven. 

12.  Create  a  Public  Welfare  Commission. 

13.  Have  a  playground  under  proper  supervision  within  half 
a  mile  of  every  home. 

14.  Endeavor  to  provide  more  rational  and  social  recreation. 

15.  Have  a  regular  and  careful  canvass  of  the  community,  and 
keep  it  up  to  date. 

16.  Have  a  city  plan  and  program. 

17.  Visit  the  jails  frequently,  and  see  that  there  is  proper 
segregation  of  children  and  youths  from  adults,  with  sufficient 
light  and  cleanhness. 

18.  Make  a  survey  of  the  community. 

19.  Cooperate  sj'mpathetically  with  the  police  in  saving  delin- 
quents. 

20.  Endeavor  to  make  the  city  more  beautiful  with  clean 
streets. 

21.  Make  the  schools  more  efficient,  have  manual  training, 
evening  schools,  technical  schools. 

22.  Have  instruction  in  civics,  ethics,  and  moral  training. 

23.  Create  a  civic  spirit  and  a  civic  ideal. 

24.  Emphasize  the  place  and  work  of  the  home. 

25.  Teach  sex  morality  in  home  and  in  school. 

26.  Encourage  yard  gardening  and  window  gardens. 

2^,  Have  a  permanent  municipal  arbitration  and  conciliation 
committee. 

28.  Beautify  the  surroundings  of  factories,  warehouses,  and 
railroad  stations. 

29.  Have  folk  festivals  and  folk  pageants. 

30.  Have  university  extension  lectures  on  civics,  hygiene,  and 
morals. 

31.  Have  free  lectures  in  school  on  life,  hygiene,  civics,  travel, 
etc. 

32.  Make  a  conscious  and  collective  effort  to  create  a  better 
social  atmosphere. 

33.  Sustain  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  the  Y.  W.  C.  A. 

34.  Have  well-equipped  and  convenient  reading-rooms. 


164    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

35.  Do  not  permit  the  boys  to   work  all  night  as   telegraph 
messengers. 

36.  Endeavor  to  secure  a  satisfactory  working  men's  compen- 
sation law. 

2iT.  Have  a  joint  registration  bureau  in  the  city. 

38.  Provide  coffee  and  recreation  and  rest  rooms  for  men  and 
women. 

39.  Provide  public  comfort  stations  wherever  they  are  needed. 

40.  Organize  a  city  club  for  the  discussion  of  current  topics. 

41.  Organize  the  men  of  good-will  for  a  better  city  adminis- 
tration. 

42.  Organize  and  sustain  a  federation  of  the  churches. 

43.  See  that  there  is  no  needless  duplication  of  churches. 

44.  Make  sure  that  the  entire  city  is  well  churched. 

45.  Have  a  regular  system  of  organized  benevolence. 

46.  Make  the  churches  true  social  centers. 

47.  Make  the  community  more  sanitary,  wholesome,  and  moral. 

48.  Make  a  good  community  for  those  who  come  after  us. 

SUGGESTIONS  FOR  A  TOWN  PROGRAM 

The  first  fifteen  items  suggest  some  of  the  things  requiring 
most  urgent  and  immediate  action. 

1.  Make  a  study  and  survey  of  the  community. 

2.  Have  regular  inspection  of  tenements  and  rooming  houses. 

3.  Have    moving    picture    and     all    other     shows    properly 
censored. 

4.  See  that  the  dance  halls  are  regularly  inspected  and  care- 
fully regulated. 

5.  Have  the  probation  system  for  all  delinquents,  and  intem- 
perate men  and  women. 

6.  Have  a  county  farm  and  workhouse  for  tramps  and  short- 
term  prisoners. 

7.  Have  pastors,  teachers,  and  editors  cooperate  in  suggesting 
good  books  to  read. 

8.  Let  the  pastor  or  teacher  organize  a  Nature  Study  class  or 
club. 

9.  Endeavor  to  provide  mdre  rational  and  social  recreation. 
ID.  Secure  an  ordinance  requiring  fruit  dealers,  bakers,   etc., 

to  screen  wares  from  flies. 

11.  Have  a  regular  canvass  of  the  community  and  keep  it  up 
to  date. 

12.  Have  manual  training  in  the  schools,  with  technical  schools. 


Methods  and  Programs  165 

13.  Have  instructions  in  civics,  ethics,  and  sex  morality  in 
schools  and  by  public  lectures. 

14.  Have  a  town  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  or  its 
equivalent. 

15.  Secure  for  every  worker  one  day's  rest  in  seven. 

16.  Organize  a  federation  of  the  churches. 

17.  Have  a  community  plan  and  program. 

18.  Have  a  system  of  organized  benevolence. 

19.  Emphasize  the  place  and  work  of  the  home  and  promote 
home  training  in  morality  and  religion. 

20.  Provide  a  substitute  for  saloons,  pool  halls,  dance  halls,  etc. 

21.  Encourage  yard  gardening  and  window  gardens. 

22.  Beautify  the  surroundings  of  factories,  warehouses, 
stations. 

23.  Make  the  town  more  beautiful;  clean  streets,  flowers. 

24.  Have  playgrounds  for  children  under  proper  supervision. 

25.  Have  university  extension  lectures  on  civics,  health,  morals, 
etc. 

2(i.  Have  free  lectures  in  schools  on  hygiene,  citizenship,  life. 
2T.  Have  musical  clubs,  also  dramatic  clubs. 

28.  Create  better  social  atmosphere. 

29.  Introduce  juvenile  court  and  probation  system. 

30.  Have  well-equipped  and  convenient  reading-rooms. 

31.  Organize  town  club  for  discussion  of  current  topics. 
Z2..  See  that  there  is  no  needless  dupHcation  of  churches. 

33.  Make  the  churches  true  social  centers. 

34.  Make  life  more  interesting;  town  more  wholesome  and 
moral. 

In  a  town  of  15,000  the  follow^ing  needs  and  opportunities 
were  disclosed  by  a  mere  casual  analysis  of  community  con- 
ditions :  Social  centers  in  the  school  building,  industrial 
training  and  vocational  guidance  in  the  schools  and  pro- 
bation officer,  children's  work  in  the  library,  organized  recrea- 
tion and  social  life  for  young  people,  effective  cooperation  in 
charity  work  and  more  friendly  visiting,  a  separate  room 
for  juvenile  arrests,  constructive  work  for  minor  offenders, 
the  suppression  of  gambling  and  prostitution,  regulation  of 
dance  halls  and  shows,  the  securing  of  one  day's  rest  in 
seven,  and  the  minimum  wage. 

In  a  village  of  500  a  similar  analysis  showed  need  for 
water-works  and  a  sewer  system,  of  providing  some  social 


166    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

center  for  the  young  people,  of  suppressing  gambling  and 
reducing  the  length  of  the  working  day  in  the  stores. 

SOCIAL  SERVICE  IN  THE  COUNTRY 

Friends 

The  Five  Years'  Meeting  of  Friends,  in  report  of  its  Social 
Service  Commission,  suggested  the  following: 

One  of  the  important  pieces  of  social  service  work  which 
Monthly  Meetings,  particularly  those  in  Rural  Districts,  may 
undertake  through  a  Social  Service  Committee,  is  the  pro- 
vision of  a  trained  District  nurse  for  the  neighborhood,  or  for 
a  territory  including  a  number  of  neighborhoods.  The  trained 
nurse  should,  in  every  instance,  be  a  devoted  Christian,  a  woman 
able  to  raise  the  tone  of  the  home  and  domestic  life  in  the 
families  she  visits,  and  skilful  to  minister  to  the  spiritual  life 
as  well  as  to  the  body.  Where  Monthly  Meetings  through  their 
Social  Service  Committees  undertake  this  far-reaching  service, 
it  is  very  important  that  they  should  cooperate  with  other 
social  agencies  in  carrying  it  through  and  that  the  money  needed 
for  the  undertaking  should  be  solicited  from  the  entire  com- 
munity that  is  to  be  benefited. 

Another  type  of  social  service  activity  which  lies  within  the 
scope  and  power  of  very  many  Monthly  Meetings,  or  Congrega- 
tional Meetings,  throughout  the  country,  is  the  formation  of 
clubs  or  other  organizations  for  guiding  the  play  and  recreation 
of  boys  and  girls.  The  club  or  organization  should,  of  course, 
not  be  confined  to  the  boys  and  girls  who  are  members  of  the 
Meeting.  It  should  be  for  the  whole  neighborhood,  as  should 
all  social  service  work,  and  it  should  be  so  directed  and  managed 
that  it  will  lead  the  boys  and  girls,  not  only  into  healthier 
activities  for  body  and  limb,  but  also  guide  them  unconsciously 
into  living  connection  with  the  church. 

Presbyterian   (Northern) 
An  Adequate  Program  for  the  Country 

The  Country  Church  Work  of  the  Home  Board  advocates  the 
gospel  for  every  man  in  the  village  and  open  country. 

Every  church  open  every  Lord's  day  for  the  worship  of  God. 

The  country  church  a  center  for  all  the  interests  of  the 
community. 


Methods  and  Programs  167 

Recreation  and  social  life  under  the  pastor's  sympathetic 
direction  for  the  young  people  of  the  country  community. 

A  pastor  in  every  Presbyterian  country  church,  giving  his 
whole  time  to  the  people  who  live  on  the  farm,  or  in  the  village. 

Good  roads  in  the  interest  of  the  kingdom  of  God,  that  there 
may  be  a  way  from  house  to  house  and  from  the  home  to  the 
church  and  the  school  in  the  country. 

Adequate  schools  in  which  men  shall  be  taught  how  to  support 
the  home,  the  school,  and  the  church,  and  to  supply  satisfying 
improvements  for  the  country  community. 

The  country  church  a  friendly  home  of  the  farm  renter,  the 
farm  hand,  the  young  people,  and  of  the  aged  in  the  community, 
and  of  any  others  who  are  tempted  to  move  away,  that  the 
church  may  build  around  itself  a  satisfied  and  happy  community. 

An  adequate  living  income  for  the  farmer  who  tills  the  soil, 
the  schoolmaster  who  trains  the  mind,  and  the  pastor  who 
awakens  the  soul  to  eternal  hopes,  in  order  that  life  in  the 
country  may  be  satisfying  now  and  may  inspire  with  a  faith 
of  eternal  life. 

Protestant  Episcopal 
Some  Points  of  Agricultural  Improvement 

1.  Improvement  of  agricultural  theory  and  practice. 

2.  Improvement  of  means  of  communication  and  transporta- 
tion. 

3.  Improvement  of  living  conditions,  especially  among  farm- 
hands. 

4.  Reconstruction  of  rural  education  for  the  purpose  of  hold- 
ing farm  children  to  the  farm. 

5.  Revival  of  the  rural  church  in  relation  to  the  special  needs 
of  a  farming  population.  — 

The  demand  on  the  church  to  seek  and  to  save  the  lost  rural 
community  is  just  as  insistent  as  is  the  demand  to  seek  and  to 
save  the  lost  individual  soul.  Unless  the  country  church — the 
parishes  in  agricultural  communities — shall  succeed  in  putting 
God  into  the  life  of  rural  society  at  large,  as  well  as  into  the 
life  of  the  individual  members  thereof,  it  will  have  failed  to 
discharge  its  full  function. 

SELECTING  A  MINIMUM  PROGRAM 
Out  of  these  programs  or  any  efforts  that  may  be  made 
on   the   basis   of   the   needs   of   the   local   community,    it   is 
necessary   for  the  churches  to  confine  themselves  to   some 


168    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

one  or  two  specific  needs,  to  condense  the  program  for 
immediate  action  to  an  irreducible  minimum,  perhaps  to 
some  one  thing  that  would  not  be  tolerated  by  the  com- 
munity if  the  facts  were  known.  For  example,  out  of  the 
program  of  the  church  for  industry,  the  Federated  Churches 
make  their  immediate  appeal  for:  One  day's  rest  in  seven; 
reasonable  hours  of  labor;  a  living  wage  based  on  these 
reasonable  hours  of  labor.  From  these  demands  again  a 
selection  is  made,  and  attention  is  being  concentrated  on  one 
day's  rest  in  seven. 

In  the  Chicago  Men  and  Religion  campaign,  the  social 
service  field  for  the  churches  was  divided  into:  Child  Wel- 
fare, Charities,  Health,  Labor,  Immigrants,  The  Prisoner, 
Law  Enforcement,  Civics. 

In  smaller  cities,  towns,  and  villages,  several  of  these 
fields  would  present  no  local  needs,  but  even  in  the  open 
country  there  is  useful  work  to  be  done  in  Charity  and  the 
Prevention  of  Poverty,  Care  for  the  Sick  and  Prevention  of 
Diseases,  and  in  providing  adequate  Social  and  Recreational 
Life  for  Young  People. 

The  field  where  most  churches  find  their  initial  work 
is  in  something  relating  to  child  welfare,  perhaps  the  con- 
ditions that  are  creating  juvenile  delinquency,  or  the  con- 
structive work  of  furnishing  social  centers  for  young  people. 

Definite  Opportunities  for  Social  Service  in  New  York  by 
men  of  the  churches  suggested  by 

THE  LAITY  LEAGUE  FOR  SOCIAL  SERVICE 

This  is  only  a  partial  list. 

Recreation  and  the  Recreation  Commission.  It  would  be 
valuable  for  the  men  of  the  churches  to  study  the  recreational 
needs  of  the  city  and  to  follow  closely  the  work  of  this  com- 
mission. 

Volunteer  Work  in  the  Charity  Organisation  Society.  There 
is  great  need  of  friends  for  individual  families  who  will  work 
under  skilled  direction,  giving  occasional  time  in  the  afternoon 
or  evening. 

Seven  Days  a  Week  Work.  A  large  number  of  men  in  New 
York  work  steadily  without  a  regular  day  of  rest.  The  men 
of   the  churches   could  well  become  informed   on  this   subject 


Methods  and  Programs  169 

and  work  with  agencies  endeavoring  to  introduce  such  a  law 
upon  the  statutes  of  New  York  state. 

Instruction  in  Sex  Education  for  Growing  Boys  and  Young 
Men.  The  amount  of  knowledge  upon  this  subject  is  rapidly 
increasing.  Earnest  Christian  men  and  women  realize  that 
knowledge  is  necessary.  The  best  place  for  instruction  is  the 
home;  the  best  people  to  instruct,  the  parents.  Following  these 
come  the  church  and  the  rehgious  worker,  preferably  a  physician. 
Next  in  importance  are  the  schools  and  the  trained  biological 
teacher.  Excellent  text-books  can  be  obtained  for  classes  of 
3^oung  men  or  young  boys  and  for  leaders.  The  harm  resulting 
from  ignorance  or  improper  education  is  in  itself  justification 
for  study  and  education. 

Moving  Pictures  and  Common  Shows.  There  is  much  opposi- 
tion to  a  satisfactory  ordinance.  Since  this  new  style  of  show 
is  used  by  hundreds  of  thousands  every  week,  it  is  undoubtedly 
the  province  of  the  men  of  the  church  to  see  that  the  picture 
films  used  are  wholesome  and  the  morals  of  the  children  are 
carefully  protected. 

The  Children's  Court  and  the  Child.  There  is  opportunity 
now  for  the  men  of  the  church  to  cooperate  with  disinterested 
philanthropic  organizations  in  seeing  that  a  thoroughly  modern 
system  of  treatment  of  juvenile  delinquents  be  introduced  in  the 
city. 

Fire  Protection  in  Shops  and  Factories.  After  the  Triangle 
Shirtwaist  Fire,  at  a  public  meeting  in  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
House,  a  Committee  on  Safety  and  Fire  Prevention  was  estab- 
lished. This  committee  is  working  on  various  methods  of 
obtaining  satisfactory  results  and  will  need  the  assistance  of 
churchmen  in  passing  laws  and  in  the  enforcement  of  existing 
laws. 

Board  of  Health.  This  Department  of  the  city  is  empowered 
to  investigate  and  compel  obedience  to  the  law  on  the  part  of 
owners  of  cellar  bakeries,  manufacturers  of  ice-cream,  dis- 
pensers of  milk,  and  dealers  in  canned  goods,  meats,  fish,  and 
other  foods.  It  would  be  valuable  for  the  men  of  the  churches 
to  learn  from  investigation  what  the  conditions  are,  and  from 
the  officials  of  the  Board  of  Health  what  their  equipment  is 
for  the  enforcement  of  the  law,  the  character  of  the  inspections 
and  the  amount  of  progress  made  monthly. 

The  Moral  Conditions  of  Theaters.  A  law  went  into  effect 
on  September  i,  1910,  which  makes  possible  the  suppression  of 
plays  which  are  harmful  to  morals.     The  Society  for  the  Pre- 


170    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

veiition  of  Crime  is  interested  in  seeing  this  law  enforced.  The 
men  of  the  churches  may  well  learn  of  the  work  of  this  organi- 
zation and  the  possibility  of  cooperation. 

Housing.  The  laws  affecting  congestion  of  population  in  New 
York  City,  under  consideration  at  Albany,  deserve  the  careful 
study  of  the  laymen.  They  may  well  learn  of  the  progress  of 
the  Tenement  House  Department  in  the  elimination  of  dark 
rooms  in  tenements. 


COMPOSITE  OUTLINE  OF   SOCIAL  SERVICE  RECOM- 
MENDATIONS MADE  BY  THE  MEN  AND  RE- 
LIGION MOVEMENT  IN  MANY  CITIES 

I.    The  Church 

1.  Make  a  thorough  survey  of  the  local  field. 

2.  List  all  social  work  and  problems  which  should  engage 
the  activities  of  the  men  in  the  church. 

3.  Make  a  canvass  of  the  men  in  the  church  with  a  view 
of  discovering  men  who  should  be  linked  up  Avith  definite  social 
service  tasks. 

4.  Enlist  men  as  they  become  members  of  the  church. 

5.  Develop  a  social  service  group  in  every  church. 

6.  Organize  the  social  service  groups  in  the  various  churches 
into  one  compact  group. 

7.  Place  a  more  definite  responsibility  upon  the  men  living 
in  the  suburbs  with  regard  to  the  problems  of  the  city. 

8.  Have  more  frequent  discussions  by  the  ministers  of  the 
social  problems  of  the  city. 

9.  Develop  greater  interest  on  the  part  of  the  ministers  and 
laymen  of  the  city  in  the  educational  work  of  the  Associated 
Charities. 

10.  Study  the  location  of  churches  and  missions  with  reference 
to  the  greatest  efficiency. 

11.  Make  more  thorough  records  of  members,  organizations, 
methods,  and  results  of  work  by  all  the  churches. 

12.  Use  among  the  churches  the  charts  and  reports  prepared 
in  connection  with  the  local  survey. 

13.  Make  a  wider  study  of  social  conditions,  continuing  the 
investigations  made  by  the  social  service  committee  of  the  Men 
and  Religion  Forward  Movement. 

14.  Erect  a  hospital  to  be  supported  by  the  Protestant  churches 
of  the  city  and  state. 


Methods  and  Programs  171 

15.  Encourage  the  wider  use  of  church  buildings. 

16.  Conduct  an  open  forum  under  the  auspices  of  the  Federa- 
tion of  Churches  for  the  discussion  of  social  problems. 

17.  Hold  conferences  of  social  service  groups  in  the  churches 
with  educational  leaders,  leaders  of  working  men,  and  pubhc 
officials  with  reference  to  problems  confronting  these  various 
groups. 

18.  Conduct  a  systematic  and  continuous  publicity  campaign 
by  the  united  churches  of  the  city. 

19.  Conduct  a  social  service  revival  under  the  auspices  of 
the  united  churches. 

20.  Exchange  fraternal  delegates  between  the  ministers'  asso- 
ciation and  the  central  labor  union. 

21.  Observe  Labor  Sunday  in  all  of  the  churches. 

22.  Employ  a  social  service  expert  to  make  operative  the 
plans  suggested. 

II.    The  Social  Workers 

1.  Organize  the  social  workers  of  the  city  for  the  adoption 
of  a  standardized  social  program. 

2.  Make  a  survey  of  housing  and  living  conditions  among 
the  working  men  of  the  city. 

3.  Make  a  survey  of  the  Negro  population  of  the  city. 

4.  Introduce  more  adequate  recreational  facilities  for 
Negroes. 

5.  Study  the  problems  of  organized  labor. 

6.  Study  the  relation  of  the  alleged  inefficiency  of  white 
labor  to  the  standards  of  living  of  Negro  artisans  and  laborers. 

7.  Agitate  the  matter  of  providing  a  labor  temple  for  the 
use  of  organized  labor. 

8.  Cooperate  with  the  church  in  securing  social  and  labor 
legislation. 

9.  Investigate  the  moral  and  physical  conditions  in  depart- 
ment stores. 

10.  Investigate  the  cost  of  living. 

11.  Study  the  minimum  wage  problem. 

12.  Study  the  economic  aspect  of  the  liquor  problem,  with 
special  reference  to  the  attitude  of  the  working  man  toward 
the  saloon. 

13.  Study  and   present   a  plan   for   a   saloon   substitute. 

14.  Study  the  causes  of  disease  and  poverty  in  the  city. 

15.  Provide  more  visiting  nurses. 

16.  Establish  an  information  and  employment  bureau. 


172    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

17.  Organize  a  joint  registration  bureau  as  a  clearing-house 
for  all  social  service  agencies. 

18.  Establish  a  charities  indorsement  committee  requiring 
uniform  accounting,  semiannual  audit,  and  standard  case  records 
of  all  social  service  agencies  supported  by  public  contributions. 

19.  Prepare  a  brief  pamphlet  indicating  the  functions,  pro- 
grams, and  actual  work  of  the  various  social  service  agencies 
of  the  city. 

III.    The  Municipality 

1.  Organize  a  bureau  of  municipal  research  and  efficiency. 

2.  Appoint  a  vice  commission  for  the  study  of  the  social  evil. 

3.  Enforce  the  law  against  prostitution,  with  the  understand- 
ing that  the  Men  and  Religion  Forward  Movement  will  provide 
homes  for  the  women  who  desire  to  reform. 

4.  Remove  immediately  the  houses  of  ill  fame  from  the 
neighborhood  of  the  girls'  high  school. 

5.  Adequately  supervise  the  dance  halls  of  the  city. 

6.  Enforce  a  strict  supervision  of  certain  restaurants  and 
poolrooms. 

7.  Enforce  the  law  against  "blind  tigers." 

8.  Introduce  rigid  methods  with  reference  to  the  supervision 
of  the  sale  of  cocaine. 

9.  Enforce  the  law  against  gambling. 

10.  Secure  adequate  supervision  of  motion-picture  shows. 

11.  Make  a  scientific  study  of  the  problem  of  recreation,  pre- 
senting a  city-wide  plan  for  the  recreational  life  of  the  people. 

12.  Use  more  generally  the  lecture  hall  in  the  public  library 
building. 

13.  Use  municipal  buildings  in  such  districts  of  the  city  as 
are  in  need  of  community  centers,  making  provision  for  public 
meetings  for  civic  organizations,  labor  unions,  and  general  wel- 
fare societies. 

14.  Make  more  frequent  use  of  the  city  hall  auditorium  for 
popular  concerts,  lecture  courses,  and  addresses. 

15.  Combine  a  social  service  program  with  the  city  plan. 

16.  Provide  a  down-town  social  center  for  working  men. 

17.  Make  a  wider  use  of  public  schools  as  neighborhood 
centers. 

18.  Introduce  industrial  and  vocational  education  in  public 
schools. 

19.  Have  a  compulsory  education  law  for  the  children  of 
the  city. 


Methods  and  Programs  173 

20.  Establish  a  juvenile  court. 

21.  Appoint  probation  officers,  in  connection  with  the  juvenile 
court,  with  volunteer  assistants. 

22.  Issue  licenses  and  permits  for  newsboys. 

23.  Make  more  adequate  provision  for  police  protection  in 
residence  section. 

24.  Secure  volunteer  workers  among  immigrants  of  the  city. 

25.  Provide  volunteer  probation  officers  for  adult  offenders. 

26.  Organize  a  law  enforcement  league. 

27.  Abolish   convict  lease  system. 

28.  Introduce  legislation  providing  for  sanitary  housing  con- 
ditions. 

29.  Secure  more  adequate  inspection  of  housing,  health,  and 
sanitary  conditions. 

30.  Secure  better  methods  of  recording  vital  statistics. 

31.  Organize  municipal  charities,  so  that  there  will  be  better 
care  of  the  aged  and  unfortunate  dependent  upon  the  city  for 
relief. 

32.  Erect  a  hospital  for  aged  persons  with  chronic  diseases. 

33.  Segregate  the  advanced  tubercular  cases  in  the  municipal 
tuberculosis  hospital. 

34.  Establish  a  tuberculosis  camp. 

35.  Provide  for  a  more  adequate  inspection  of  the  milk 
supply  of  the  city. 

36.  Supervise  the  storage  of  fruits  and  vegetables  sold  by 
street  pedlers. 

37.  Investigate  the  lodging-house  problem. 

38.  Work  for  a  municipal  lodging-house. 

39.  Investigate  the  problem  of  unemployment. 

40.  Educate  the  better  element  in  the  city  to  pay  the  poll 
tax,  to  register,  and  to  vote. 

IV.    The  State 

1.  Create  a  commission  to  thoroughly  study  crimes  and 
arrests  and  the  entire  subject  of  penology  with  a  view  to  intro- 
ducing the  most  modern  methods  of  dealing  with  criminals. 

2.  Abolish  the  iniquitous  fee  system  in  the  sheriff's  office. 

3.  Remove  the  shackles  from  the  feet  of  convicts  working 
upon  the  streets. 

4.  Renovate  thoroughly  the  county  workhouse  and  insist  upon 
better  sanitary  treatment  of  inmates. 

5.  Investigate  the  loan  shark  business. 

6.  Pass  a  ten-hour  law  for  women  in  industry. 


174    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

7.  Pass  legislation  to  provide  for  a  54-hour  law,  for  fire 
protection  in  industrial  plants,  and  registration  of  factories. 

8.  Appoint  a  minimum  wage  board  for  women  in  industry 
and  commercial  life. 

9.  Employ  more  factory  inspectors. 

ID.  Introduce  better  child  labor  legislation. 

11.  Introduce  an  employers'  liability  and  working  men's  com- 
pensation act. 

12.  Demand  a  law  giving  one  day's  rest  in  seven  in  all  in- 
dustries. 

13.  Establish  a  home  for  dependent  children. 

14.  Estabhsh  an  adequate  home  for  inebriates. 

15.  Establish  a  Negro  orphanage. 

16.  Enforce  a  compulsory  education  law. 

17.  Enact  an  adequate  housing  law. 

18.  Secure  legislation  against  the  exploitation  of  the  immi- 
grant. 

V.    General  Recommendations 

It  is  suggested  that  specific  phases  of  social  service  be  taken 
up  month  by  month,  and  an  attempt  be  made  to  put  through  a 
definite  program  during  certain  periods,  every  possible  agency 
being  employed  to  secure  the  desired  end.  Month-by-month 
campaigns  of  this  sort  would  be  of  great  value.  It  may  be 
desirable  to  concentrate  either  upon  a  particular  section  of  the 
city  or  upon  a  particular  problem  in  the  city.  It  will  be  much 
better  to  attack  one  situation  and  master  it  than  to  attempt 
to  do  twenty  things  and  fail  in  all. 

Do  not  organize  a  private  agency  to  do  the  work  which  should 
be  done  by  the  city.  If  the  city  officials  being  held  responsible 
for  the  doing  of  the  work  are  failing  in  it,  find  out  if  they  have 
the  money,  if  they  have  the  authority,  if  they  have  the  equip- 
ment, or  if  they  have  the  ability.  In  any  case,  see  that  the 
obstacle  is  removed,  and  then  stand  by  the  official  who  does  his 
work  well. 

Do  not  organize  another  society  if  there  is  already  one  in 
existence  that  may  do  the  work,  if  it  has  the  proper  support 
in  the  community.  It  is  better  to  work  through  the  trained 
expert  who  is  connected  with  an  existing  organization  than  to 
attempt  an  important  piece  of  work  simply  through  a  company 
of  volunteers.  The  efforts  of  the  latter  may  be  spasmodic; 
the  volunteer  workers  should  put  themselves  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  expert. 


Methods  and  Programs  17"> 

If  the  city  has  been  aroused  to  a  definite  social  need,  invite 
one  of  the  field  secretaries  of  a  national  organization  dealing 
with  this  problem  to  counsel  with  you  as  to  the  best  way  to 
proceed  in  the  proposed  enterprise.  Such  an  official  will  safe- 
guard the  community  against  incompetent  or  over-enthusiastic 
but  ignorant  individuals. 

Whatever  may  be  the  plan  or  plans  finally  adopted,  do  not 
make  the  mistake  of  confining  the  work  to  a  few  leading  indi- 
viduals who  may  be  ready  to  support  it  or  do  the  thing  itself, 
thus  depriving  the  citizens  as  a  whole  from  having  a  share  in  it. 

In  a  Middle  Western  city  of  30,000,  the  social  service 
committee  of  the  Men  and  Religion  Movement  found  that 
there  was  work  for  the  churches  to  do  in  securing  the 
following: 

Pure  Water  Supply,  Food  Inspection  and  Public  Market, 
Legislation  for  Mortuary  and  Vital  Statistics,  Legislation 
for  Tenement  Building  and  Sanitary  Code,  Municipal  or 
Mission  Lodgings,  Work  House  and  State  Farm,  Play- 
grounds and  Comfort  Stations,  Social  Centers  in  Public 
Schools,  Workingmen's  Compensation  Law,  Law  Limiting 
the  Hours  of  W^omen's  Labor,  Enforcement  of  Labor  Laws, 
Investigate:  i.  Social  Cost  of  Saloons,  2.  Cost  of  Living  and 
Determining  Minimum  Wage  Standards,  3.  Sunday  Work 
and  Demand  one  Day's  Rest  in  Seven,  4.  Industrial  Educa- 
tion in  Public  Schools. 

COOPERATIVE  EFFORT 

The  keyword  in  carrying  out  the  social  service  program 
of  the  local  church  or  group  of  churches  is  cooperation 
— with  other  churches  and  with  other  social  agencies;  then 
cooperation  in  the  whole  federation  movement  in  ^state 
and  national  action  which  links  the  denominations  together 
with  all  other  agencies  for  social  progress  in  a  coordinated 
plan. 

This  means  the  federation  of  churches  and  church  soci- 
eties and  their  coordination  with  other  local  social  service 
agencies  in  a  community  program.  To  initiate  such  a 
movement,  a  campaign  of  "Social  Service  Evangelism"  is 
often  undertaken.    The  denominational  secretaries  are  ready 


176    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

whenever  possible  to  cooperate  in  such  campaigns  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Federal  Council. 

When  a  group  of  churches  or  men's  organizations  have 
agreed  upon  a  minimum  social  service  program,  always  in 
consultation  with  the  social  workers  of  their  community, 
the  next  step  is  the  apportionment  of  this  program  among 
the  cooperating  institutions.  There  will  be  neighborhood 
matters  which  will  concern  the  churches  of  a  particular 
district  and  the  task  will  be  apportioned  between  them. 
There  will  be  general  community  matters  which  will  be 
divided  between  denominational  groups  and  other  general 
social  service  agencies. 

Methodist  Episcopal 

Community  plans  depend  upon  community  forces.  Get  in- 
formation and  suggestions  from  local  social  service  workers 
and  interested  public  officials.  Find  out  all  that  is  being  done 
or  planned  by  existing  agencies  to  meet  local  needs.  Are  your 
churches  and  brotherhoods  federated?  Is  there  any  central 
agency  that  unites  the  church  group,  the  social  welfare  group, 
and  the  labor  group  in  com,mon  action  for  community  welfare? 

No  better  and  more  fruitful  line  of  effort  can  be  found  than 
the  effort  to  aid  the  agencies  now  at  work  in  the  community. 
The  Social  Service  Committee  should  study  the  various 
charitable,  philanthropic,  civic,  and  reform  agencies  of  the  com- 
munity, and  should  keep  the  people  informed  concerning  their 
purposes,  methods,  results,  and  needs.  It  should  endeavor  to 
enlist  the  active  cooperation  of  the  church  in  behalf  of  all 
agencies  that  are  found  worthy.  In  this  way  the  agencies  that 
exist  can  have  their  efficiency  many  times  duplicated,  and 
channels  may  be  found  along  which  the  Christian  impulses  of 
the  people  may  flow. 

The  Charity  Organization  of  New  York,  105  East  Twenty- 
second  Street,  publishes  a  pamphlet,  "Social  Movements," 
describing  many  of  the  organizations  of  a  more  general  char- 
acter and  national  scope  that  exist.  It  also  publishes  an 
"Annual,"  giving  a  brief  description  of  practically  all  Social 
Service  agencies  in  the  country,  with  the  name  and  address  of 
the  secretary. 

The  virtue  of  cooperation  is  one  of  the  cardinal  Christian 
virtues.  The  word  "Together"  is  the  keyword  of  Social  Service. 
There  are  no  isolated  reforms.     One  thing  is  as  it  is  because 


Methods  and  Programs  177 

all  other  things  are  as  they  are.  Wise  social  service  effort  must 
therefore  be  organic.  To  help  society  at  any  point  we  must 
help  it  at  every  point. 

The  church  should  be  the  rallying  center  and  the  organizing 
force  in  every  community.  So  long  as  people  are  disunited  they 
are  v^eak;  the  day  we  unite  the  forces  of  good-will,  large 
victories  will  be  easily  possible.  Guerrilla  bands  may  keep  the 
enemy  awake,  but  guerrilla  bands  never  won  a  great  battle  and 
ended  a  campaign;  this  is  the  work  of  disciplined  soldiers  and 
a  united  army. 

The  Social  Service  Committee  should  therefore  arrange  for 
a  conference  of  all  the  social  service  agencies  of  the  community. 
In  these  conferences  there  should  be  a  careful  consideration  of 
the  questions — civic,  state,  and  national — that  require  attention 
either  in  the  way  of  instruction,  agitation,  or  legislation.  And 
in  these  conferences  plans  should  be  made  whereby  the  whole 
intelligence,  conscience,  and  power  of  the  community  can  be 
made  available  in  behalf  of  any  one  vital  issue.  This  conference 
should  be  a  social  service  clearing-house  for  the  community.  It 
should  also  bring  the  people  into  vital  touch  with  the  various 
state  and  national  agencies  that  are  promoting  important 
measures.  — 

One  person  may  study,  inspire,  and  suggest,  but  for  action  a 
group  is  needed.  We  start  no  new  organizations,  but  develop 
the  social  service  possibiHties  of  existing  church  societies.  What 
is  your  Brotherhood,  Adult  Bible  Class,  Men's  Club,  Ladies' 
Aid,  Epworth  League,  Sunday  School,  doing  for  the  com- 
munity? How  can  their  work  be  related  to  that  of  other  social 
agencies  ?  — 

The  development  of  this  program  relates  the  church  as  a 
cooperating  force  with  the  other  forces  for  community  progress. 
The  pastor  who  aligns  his  church  with  the  community  agencies 
for  charity,  health,  education,  recreation,  civic  and  industrial 
improvement,  thereby  becomes  a  minister  to  the  whole  com- 
munity, in  which  functions  it  gains  increased  spiritual  authority. 

Protestant  Episcopal 

The  moment  we  come  to  a  consideration  of  parochial  social 
service,  we  find  that  the  parish  cannot  stand  by  itself  in  the 
effort  to  improve  community  conditions.  To  do  really  effective 
work,  it  must  cooperate  with  other  religious  agencies  and  with 
secular  agencies  in  a  common  effort  for  the  common  good. 
Social  service  must  be  more  than  interdenominational;  it  must 


178    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

be  communal.  "He  who  is  not  against  us  is  for  us"  may  well 
serve  as  the  slogan  of  men  and  women  in  the  church  who  are 
trying  to  do  their  share  to  inaugurate  the  kingdom  of  justice 
and  righteousness  on  earth.  — 

The  number  of  professional  social  workers,  though  con- 
stantly increasing,  must  perforce  be  limited.  Only  a  small 
proportion  of  even  our  younger  men  and  women  have  the 
inclination  or  the  capacity  or  the  opportunity  for  this  kind  of 
service.  For  the  great  rank  and  file  of  our  Christian  laymen 
there  is  another  way  to  service — through  the  use  of  the  "mar- 
gin" of  time,  energy,  and  resources  over  and  above  what  is 
required  for  the  actual  day's  work.  Social  service  as  an  avoca- 
tion, therefore,  is  one  chief  method  of  enlisting  our  church- 
members,  both  men  and  women,  in  the  service  of  their  respective 
communities  in  the  name  of  the  church.  .  .  .  The  various  secular 
agencies  engaged  in  these  and  other  varieties  of  social  reform 
and  reconstruction  are,  for  lack  of  adequate  resources,  both 
underequipped  and  undermanned.  Experience  of  recent  years 
has  proved  that  such  agencies  welcome  the  volunteer  service  of 
individual  church-members  who  receive  from  the  experts  in 
charge  of  these  various  social  organizations  the  skilled  direction 
which  they  need  in  order  that  their  efforts  may  be  effective. 

To  do  really  effective  work,  the  local  congregation  must 
cooperate  with  other  religious  agencies  and  with  secular  agencies 
in  a  common  effort  for  the  common  good.  Social  service  must 
be  more  than  interdenominational;  it  must  be  communal. — 

Cooperation  with  other  agencies  working  for  social  uplift  is 
necessary,  .  .  .  because  in  the  nature  of  the  case  the  church 
agency  for  social  service  almost  invariably  lacks  the  knowledge 
and  the  experience  which  is  at  the  disposal  of  the  secular 
agency.  — 

The  method,  then,  is  first  to  find  out  what  your  community 
needs  and  then  to  look  about  for  possibiHties  of  cooperation 
with  secular  agencies  which  have  the  experience  and  technical 
knowledge,  and  which,  because  often  undermanned,  will  wel- 
come assistance   from  intelligent  church-members. — 

It  may  seem  a  derogation  from  the  spiritual  mission  of  the 
church  to  engage  in  the  effort  to  insure  the  justice,  the  better 
conditions  of  life  and  work,  the  wider  opportunity  for  individual 
and  social  development,  which  it  is  the  desire  of  voluntary  social 
agencies  to  bring  about.  But  until  actual  provision  is  made  by 
the  state  or  other  agencies  for  the  prevention  of  the  evils  and 


Methods  and  Programs  179 

the  meeting  of  the  needs  which  are  helping  to  produce  the  social 
unrest  of  our  day,  the  church  must  stand  by  the  work,  just  as 
in  former  ages  she  stood  by  the  alms-giving  and  the  ministration 
to  individuals,  which  have  resulted  in  so  many  functions  of 
our  present  government — hospitals,  almshouses,  schools,  and 
the  like. 

DENOMINATIONAL  DISTRICT  BODIES 

It  is  inevitable  that  the  work  of  the  different  denomina- 
tions should  be  organized  by  states,  districts,  conferences, 
dioceses.  The  following  suggestions  are  made  for  the  pro- 
cedure of  these  bodies. 

German  Evangelical 

The  Commission  is  firmly  convinced  that  our  social  problems 
can  be  solved  only  by  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  in  its  application 
to  present-day  conditions.  Pastors  are  earnestly  urged  to  make 
this  application  to  all  conditions  requiring  it.  It  is  again  urged 
that  social  service  topics  be  thoroughly  discussed  at  District 
and  pastoral  conferences  and  at  Brotherhood  and  young  people's 
conventions.  District  Social  Service  Commissions  should  be 
created  wherever  this  has  not  yet  been  done,  for  the  purpose 
of  studj'ing  local  social  conditions  and  of  seeking  to  abolish 
any  social  wrongs  that  may  be  discovered. 

AH  District  commissions  are  requested  to  report  regularly 
to  the  Central  Commission,  so  that  the  latter  may  fully  cooperate 
with  the  Federal  Council  Commission.  The  Central  Commission 
gladly  recognizes  and  fully  appreciates  the  local  social  service 
work  that  is  being  accomplished  through  city  mission  effort  and 
by  individual  churches,  and  encourages  most  heartily  the  under- 
taking of  similar  work  wherever  possible. 

Presbyterian  (Northern) 

Recent  correspondence  has  brought  to  Hght  the  fact  that  few 
Presbyteries  and  Synods  now  maintain  social  service  committees. 
In  isolated  cases  social  service  and  evangelism  are  assigned  to 
the  same  committee.  In  more  numerous  cases  the  home  mission 
committee  is  specifically  charged  with  responsibility  for  promot- 
ing social  service.  Since  the  policy  of  associating  social  service 
with  the  Home  Mission  Board  has  been  established  by  the 
Assembly  this  last-m.entioned  course  is  logical  and  proper.  It 
is   preferable   to   the  maintaining  of   a   separate   committee  on 


180    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

social  service  because,  as  a  rule,  Synods  and  Presbyteries  are 
overloaded  w^ith  committees.  They  should  reduce  the  number 
of  committees,  strengthen  the  organization  of  those  maintained, 
and  charge  each  with  a  greater  volume  of  business. 

Least  of  all  desirable  at  present  is  the  charging  of  the  same 
committee  with  both  evangelism  and  social  service.  The  two 
things  to  be  emphasized  are  still  so  distinct  that  under  the  same 
committee  one  or  the  other  is  certain  to  suffer. 

Methodist  Episcopal 
'  Suggested  Procedure 

The  programs  of  all  Annual  Conferences  should  provide  for 
the  consideration  of  such  social  conditions  within  the  Confer- 
ence territory  as  call  for  united  action. 

To  this  end  we  recommend  that  each  Conference  have  a 
standing  Commission  on  Social  Service,  to  be  composed  of  the 
men  of  most  experience  in  this  field,  who  shall  serve  con- 
tinuously so  far  as  possible.  This  committee  shall  determine 
what  social  conditions  need  the  consideration  of  the  Conference 
as  recommended  above;  it  shall  act  in  cooperation  with  similar 
commissions  from  other  Conferences  within  a  state,  thus  form- 
ing a  State  Commission  which  shall  keep  the  Methodist  Churches 
informed  concerning  legislative  matters  relating  to  social  wel- 
fare, and  rally  the  Methodist  forces  of  the  state  in  support  of 
the  constructive  legislation  needed  for  social  progress.  These 
commissions  can  act  in  cooperation  with  similar  commissions 
from  other  denominations.  They  should  also  act  in  close 
cooperation  with  Commissions  on  Rural  Life  and  the  Country 
Church,  where  such  exist,  and  where  these  do  not  exist,  should 
constitute  from  their  own  members  a  committee  on  rural 
problems.  — 

General  Method 

1.  Field 

Determine  social  condition  to  be  investigated  and  presented 
to  Conference  and  what  facts  must  be  known  concerning  it. 
Extent  of  Seven  Day  Work  suggested  for  this  year. 

2.  Investigation 

Draw  up  a  schedule  of  questions  to  discover  facts  desired. 
Select  communities  typical  of  sections  of  Conference. 
Appoint  a  supervisor  for  each  district  or  city. 


Methods  and  Programs  181 

Put  detail  work  in  hands  of  young  men. 

Get  all  reports  in  before  final  rush  of  church  year. 

3.  Presentation 

Arrange  early  for  place  on  Conference  program. 
Select  one  or  more  men  to  present  results  of  investigation; 
one  to  outline  plan  of  action  proposed  by  Commission. 
Present  results  of  investigation  in  charts  and  lantern  slides. 
Embody  details  in  printed  pamphlet  for  pulpit  ammunition. 

4.  Action 

Consider  results  of  investigation  and  agree  upon  a  plan  of 
action  to  meet  the  needs  disclosed. 

This  may  include:  (i)  United  pulpit  utterances;  (2)  In- 
fluencing the  conduct  of  individual  church-members;  (3) 
Securing  the  enforcement  of  law;  (4)  Introducing,  supporting 
or  opposing  legislation. 

5.  Cooperation 

Is  there  a  State  Federation  of  Churches  or  Commission  of 
another  denomination  which  will  cooperate  in  this  program? 
In  supporting  or  opposing  state  legislation  the  Conference 
Commissions  within  the  state  can  act  jointly  in  behalf  of. 
Methodism. 

Protestant  Episcopal 
Plan  of  Procedure  for  Social  Service  Commission 

1.  Hold  regular  meetings — at  least  quarterly. 

2.  As  soon  as  possible  employ  an  executive  secretary — on 
full  time  or  part  time. 

3.  If  the  commission  is  large  enough  appoint  subcommittees 
charged  with  special  phases  of  investigation  or  other  effort. 

4.  Draw  up  a  definite  program  of  action,  on  the  basis  of 
actual  investigation  of  conditions  and  agencies  in  the  diocese, 
or  of  data  already  gathered  by  other  agencies. 

5.  Keep  in  touch  with  proposed  legislative  measures. 

6.  Cooperate  with  various  social  agencies  of  the  state  and  of 
single  communities. 

7.  Interest  parishes  of  the  diocese  in  community  service. 

8.  Hold  a  "social  service  mission" — of  several  days'  duration — 
at  some  central  point,  with  addresses  by  experts  on  the  social 
problem  and  methods  of  service,  and  by  ministers  and  laymen 
on  the  relation  of  the  church  to  human  welfare. 


182    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

9.  Issue  a  monthly  bulletin  which  will  keep  the  parishes  in- 
formed of  your  work  and  plans. 

10.  Organize  a  social  service  loan  or  traveling  library. 

Some  of  these  Commissions  are  getting  facts  on  the 
extent  of  seven-day  work  in  several  small  cities,  and  on 
intellectual  and  recreational  needs  and  facilities  in  several 
villages.  They  are  reporting  and  exhibiting  the  work  of 
successful  social  service  churches  and  sending  out  social 
service  teams  to  conduct  institutes. 

How  TO  Organize  a  Province  for  Social  Service 

The  organization  of  a  Province  for  effective  social  service 
should  include  the  appointment  of: 

I.  A  provincial  board  of  social  service  (with  a  field  secretary, 
if  possible)  for  the  purpose  of 

1.  Studying  social  and  industrial  conditions  in  the  province 
(in  cooperation  with  social  agencies,  official  and  voluntary,  in 
the  various  states,  and  with  social  agencies  of  other  religious 
bodies). 

2.  Cooperating  in  action  with  the  agencies  just  indicated,  in 
order  to  improve  conditions  of  life  and  work. 

3.  Organizing  and  educating  the  dioceses  for  effective  social 
action  (in  cooperation  with  social  service  commissions  already 
appointed  or  to  be  appointed). 

4.  Organizing  and  educating  the  parishes  (in  cooperation  with 
diocesan  commissions). 

11.  A  social  service  commission  in  each  diocese  (with  a  field 
secretary  where  possible)  for  the  purpose  of 

1.  Studying  social  and  industrial  conditions  in  the  diocese  (in 
connection  with  other  diocesan  commissions  in  the  state,  with 
social  agencies,  official  and  voluntary,  in  the  state,  and  with 
social  agencies  of  other  religious  bodies). 

2.  Cooperating  in  action  with  the  agencies  just  indicated,  in 
order  to  improve  conditions. 

3.  Organizing  and  educating  the  parishes  for  effective  social 
action  (in  cooperation  with  parish  social  service  committees). 

III.  A  social  service  committee  in  each  parish  (if  possible) 
for  the  purpose  of 

1.  Studying  community  conditions  and  social  agencies. 

2.  Cooperating  with  secular  agencies  (if  any)  and  with  social 
agencies  of  other  communions  (if  any)  in  order  to  improve 
conditions. 


Methods  and  Programs  183 

3.  Enlisting  and  educating  individual  parish  members  for  com- 
munity service  through 

(i)  A  social  service  canvass. 

(2)  Sermons. 

(3)  Study  classes  and  conferences. 

(4)  Visits  to  local  social  agencies  and  exhibits. 


V 
COOPERATING  AGENCIES 

IF  the  churches  are  to  carry  out  a  cooperative  community 
program,  .they  must  get  in  touch  with  the  local  and 
general  social  service  agencies  which  are  at  work  in  the 
different  fields  which  the  church  is  called  upon  to  enter. 
From  these  agencies  they  will  get  the  counsel  of  experience 
and  of  trained  experts.  Here  follows  a  brief  list  of  those 
agencies  most  likely  to  be  of  service  to  the  church.  Many 
of  them  have  local  committees  or  branches.  They  all  have 
valuable  printed  matter  and  some  of  them  will  furnish  special 
field  workers  for  counsel  and  planning. 

Social   Service    (General) 

American  Institute  of  Social  Service  (1898).  Bible  House, 
Astor  Place,  New  York  City,  Dr.  Josiah  Strong,  President. 
Purpose:  To  serve  as  a  clearing-house  for  facts,  experiences, 
and  ideas  on  social  and  industrial  betterment.  Plans:  To 
create  a  museum  of  municipal  facts  and  photographs,  and  a 
museum  of  the  laws  of  all  countries  touching  social  problems. 
Those  interested  may  consult  its  large  specialized  library 
and  its  department  of  expert  information,  and  may  borrow 
books  and  documents  so  far  as  the  library  contains  duplicates. 
The  Institute  has  several  thousand  negatives  of  social  sub- 
jects from  which  lantern  slides  may  be  made  to  order, 
conducts  a  lectureship  on  social  subjects,  arranges  for  special 
investigations,  prepares  bibliographies,  and  has  five  hundred 
classes  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  on  social  questions. 
All  its  services  are  free  except  special  investigation. 

Survey  Associates,  Inc.  (1912),  105  East  Twenty-second 
Street,  New  York  City.  It  is  a  membership  corporation, 
chartered  November  4,  1912,  without  shares  or  stockholders, 
under  the  laws  of  the  state  of  New  York.     Purpose:  To 

184 


Cooperating  Agencies  185 

advance  the  cause  of  constructive  philanthropy  by  the  pub- 
lication and  circulation  of  books,  pamphlets,  and  periodicals, 
and  by  conducting  any  investigations  useful  or  necessary  for 
the  preparation  thereof. 

Recreation 

Playground  and  Recreation  Association  of  America  (1906). 
I  Madison  Avenue,  New  York  City,  H.  S.  Braucher,  Secre- 
tary. Purpose:  To  increase  the  efficiency  of  playgrounds 
already  established  and  to  establish  playgrounds  on  the 
right  basis  in  cities  and  towns  not  having  them,  that  eventu- 
ally every  citizen  shall  have  an  opportunity  for  wholesome 
recreation.  It  offers  personal  consultation  and  advice;  pro- 
vides speakers  and  arranges  for  local  institutes;  publishes 
lists  of  persons  desiring  playground  positions;  makes 
statistics  and  experiences  of  various  cities  available;  loans 
lantern  slides  and  playground  models ;  prepares  bibliographies, 
etc.  Publishes  a  magazine.  The  Playground,  and  pamphlets, 
including  "A  Normal  Course  in  Play,"  sold  at  cost.  An 
annual  congress  is  held. 

Department  of  Recreation,  Russell  Sage  Foundation  (1913), 
130  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City,  Lee  F. 
Hanmer,  Director.  Purpose:  To  aid  in  constructive  social 
organization  of  leisure  time.  Studies  the  best  methods  of 
providing  and  administering  facilities  for  public  recreation 
and  encourages  their  adoption  by  municipal  and  other 
agencies. 

Social  Centers 

Extension  Department,  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison, 
Wisconsin,  Professor  E.  J.  Ward,  Director. 

Department  of  Recreation,  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  130 
East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City,  publishes  a 
pamphlet  on  "How  to  Start  Social  Centers." 

Child  Welfare 

Federal  Children's  Bureau,  United  States  Department  of 
Labor  (1912),  Washington,  D.  C,  Julia  Lathrop,  Chief. 
Purpose:    Authorized    to    investigate    and    report    upon    all 


186    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

matters  relating  to  children  and  child  life  among  all  classes 
of  our  people  and  shall  especially  investigate  the  questions  of 
infant  mortality,  the  birth  rate,  orphanage,  juvenile  courts, 
desertion,  dangerous  occupations,  accidents  and  diseases  of 
children,  employment,  legislation  affecting  children.  Publi- 
cations: 1st  and  2nd  Annual  Reports,  Birth  Registration, 
Infant  Mortality,  Care  of  Children,  Handbook  of  Federal 
Statistics,  Dependent  Children,  Children  in  Industry. 

National  Child  Labor  Committee  (1904).  105  East 
Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City,  Owen  R.  Lovejoy, 
Secretary.  Purpose:  To  investigate  and  report  the  facts 
concerning  child  labor ;  to  raise  the  standard  of  public  opinion 
and  parental  responsibility  with  respect  to  the  employment 
of  children;  to  assist  in  protecting  children  by  suitable 
legislation  against  premature  or  otherwise  injurious  employ- 
ment, and  thus  to  aid  in  securing  for  them  an  opportunity 
for  elementary  education  and  physical  development  sufficient 
for  the  demands  of  citizenship  and  the  requirements  of 
industrial  efficiency.  Plans:  Investigation  of  conditions  in 
factory,  mine,  sweatshop,  street  trade,  and  agricultural  em- 
ployment ;  organization  of  state  and  local  committees ;  activity 
in  states  holding  legislative  sessions ;  cooperation  with  school 
authorities  for  development  of  practical  education.  There 
are  thirty-one  state  and  eight  local  committees.  Annual 
meeting  usually  in  January.  Invites  correspondence  on  child 
labor  conditions  in  general,  and  on  factory  inspection,  com- 
pulsory education,  and  vocational  direction.  Publishes  for 
distribution  one  hundred  and  fifty  different  pamphlets. 

Department  of  Child  Helping,  Russell  Sage  Foundation 
(1909),  130  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City, 
Hastings  H.  Hart,  Director.  Purpose :  To  promote  improved 
methods  of  dealing  with  dependent,  neglected,  delinquent,  and 
defective  children  throughout  the  United  States.  Conducts 
inquiries  with  reference  to  the  conditions,  needs,  and  care  of 
such  children.  Makes  intensive  studies  of  particular  organ- 
izations and  institutions  on  request.  Furnishes  information 
and  advice  to  those  who  are  founding  or  reorganizing  child- 
caring  agencies. 

Federation    of    Day    Nurseries     (National),     105     East 


Cooperating  Agencies  187 

Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City,  Mrs.  W.  I.  Nichols, 
Secretary.  Purpose:  To  unite  in  one  central  body  all  Day 
Nurseries,  and  to  endeavor  to  secure  the  highest  attainable 
standard  of  merit. 

Boys'  and  Girls'  Work 

Boys'  Club  Federation  (1905).  i  Madison  Avenue,  New 
York  City,  C.  J.  Atkinson,  Executive  Secretary.  Purpose: 
By  association  of  individuals  and  clubs  to  promote  the  work 
of  boys'  clubs  and  to  further  the  formation  of  new  clubs 
where  needed;  to  supply  men  for  superintendents;  to  give 
advice  and  furnish  literature.  Plans :  To  undertake  a  larger 
amount  of  field  work;  to  establish  centers  all  over  the 
country  similar  to  those  in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  Germantown, 
Pa.  Annual  conference  in  June.  Publishes  a  number  of 
folders  on  this  work. 

The  Boy  Scouts  of  America  (1910).  200  Fifth  Avenue, 
New  York  City,  Woodrow  Wilson,  Honorary  President; 
James  E.  West,  Chief  Scout  Executive.  Purpose :  To  supple- 
ment the  various  existing  educational  agencies  and  to  help 
boys  to  help  themselves.  Scouting  is  non-military  and  means 
out-door  life  and  so  health,  strength,  happiness,  and  practical 
education. 

Camp  Fire  Girls  (1912).  461  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York 
City,  Luther  H.  Gulick,  President.  An  educational  organiza- 
tion for  girls  over  twelve  years  of  age.  Purpose :  To  add  the 
power  of  organization  and  the  charm  of  romance  to  health, 
work,  and  play. 

Daily  Vacation  Bible  School  Association^  Inc.  (1901). 
90  Bible  House,  New  York  City,  Robert  G.  Boville,  National 
Director.  Purpose:  To  promote  church  and  college  ministry 
to  children  during  the  summer  in  Daily  Vacation  Bible 
Schools  lasting  six  weeks.  Program  includes  Bible  teaching, 
handwork,  music,  games,  and  outings.  Interdenominational 
and  unsectarian. 

Organized  Charity 

American  Association  of  Societies  for  Organising  Charity 
(1911).     130  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City. 


188    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Francis  H.  McLean,  General  Secretary.  Purpose:  To  pro- 
mote the  extension  and  development  of  organized  charity  and 
of  community  cooperation  in  social  programs  in  the  United 
States. 

Charity  Organization  Department  of  the  Russell  Sage 
Foundation  (1909).  130  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New 
York  City,  Miss  Mary  E.  Richmond,  Director.  Purpose: 
To  extend  charity  organization  work  in  communities  where 
it  has  not  yet  taken  root  and  in  communities  desiring  to 
increase  its  local  efficiency;  to  gather  up  the  best  experi- 
ence of  existing  associated  charities  or  charity  organiza- 
tion societies  and  give  it  currency.  Plans:  Correspondence 
with  any  community  interested;  field  secretary  sent,  when- 
ever possible,  to  make  a  brief  social  inquiry  as  to  local 
conditions  and  secure  local  cooperation;  report  of  findings 
submitted;  form  of  organization  or  reorganization  suggested 
and  service  given  in  working  it  out;  trained  worker  recom- 
mended on  request.  There  are  two  hundred  and  thirty-three 
charity  organization  societies  in  America.  Any  other  move- 
ment that  can  lend  them  a  hand  in  furthering  the  working 
together  spirit  in  their  several  communities  will  often  find 
that  its  own  special  aims  can  be  advanced  by  these  societies. 
The  Department  publishes  a  number  of  pamphlets,  a  trans- 
portation code,  and  a  monthly  Charity  Organization  Bulletin 
for  the  use  of  charity  organization  workers  in  developing  a 
good  technique. 

National  Federation  of  Remedial  Loan  Associations  (1909). 
130  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City.  Arthur 
H.  Ham.  Reports,  pamphlets,  and  forms  for  societies  free. 
Information  regarding  organization  of  remedial  loan  societies 
gladly  given. 

Legal  Aid.  Chicago  Society,  31  Lake  Street,  Chicago,  111. 
Purpose:  To  furnish  legal  assistance  to  individuals  who  can- 
not afford  to  defend  their  rights  by  legal  process.  Issues 
pamphlets  of  value. 

Health 

Committee  of  One  Hundred  on  National  Health,  Room  51, 
105  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City,  Emily  F. 


Cooperating  Agencies  189 

Robbins,  Executive  Secretary.  Purpose :  To  unite  all  govern- 
ment health  agencies  into  a  National  Department  of  Health 
to  inform  the  people  how  to  prevent  disease. 

American  Association  for  Study  and  Prevention  of  Infant 
Mortality  (1909).  121 1  Cathedral  Street,  Baltimore,  Md., 
Gertrude  B.  Knipp,  Executive  Secretary.  Purpose :  The 
study  of  infant  mortality  in  all  its  relations,  the  dissemina- 
tion of  know^ledge  concerning  its  causes  and  prevention,  and 
the  encouragement  of  methods  for  its  prevention.  It  con- 
ducts personal  correspondence,  distributes  literature,  forms 
local  associations  and  holds  public  meetings.  Plans:  To 
make  special  study  of  birth  registration.  Literature  on 
request.  Studies  preventable  causes  of  death  and  illness; 
urges  birth  legislation;  maternal  nursing;  parental  instruc- 
tion. 

American  School  Hygienic  Association  (1907).  Pres. 
David  L.  Edsall,  M.D.,  Harvard  University  Medical  School; 
Secretary,  Thomas  A.  Storey,  M.D.,  College  of  the  City  of 
Nev^  York,  New  York.    Yearly  congresses  and  proceedings. 

National  Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of 
Tuberculosis  (1904).  105  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New 
York  City,  Charles  J.  Hatfield,  M.D.,  Executive  Secretary. 
Purpose :  To  study  tuberculosis  in  all  its  forms  and  relations ; 
to  disseminate  knowledge  concerning  it ;  to  encourage  its 
prevention  and  scientific  treatment.  Plans:  In  the  imme- 
diate future,  active  field  campaign  with  traveling  exhibits  in 
North  and  South  Carolina,  Colorado,  Oklahoma,  and  Arkan- 
sas. Assistance  given  in  organizing  new  work;  extension 
of  press  and  publicity  bureau;  compilation  of  another  tuber- 
culosis directory;  investigation  of  cost  of  maintenance  in 
sanatoria  and  of  mortality  from  tuberculosis  in  municipalities ; 
extension  of  bureau  of  information  on  sanatorium  and  hos- 
pital construction.  The  Association  desires  to  be  kept  in- 
formed of  developments  in  its  field  in  various  communities 
and  in  return  will  cooperate  along  the  lines  of  tuberculosis 
prevention  in  any  way.  There  are  thirty-four  state  asso- 
ciations.    Publishes  a  number  of  pamphlets. 

American  Public  Health  Association  (1872).  755  Boylston 
Street,   Boston,   Mass.,   Prof.    Selskar   M.    Gunn,    Secretary. 


190    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Purpose:  The  object  of  the  Association  as  stated  in  its  Con- 
stitution is,  "To  protect  and  promote  public  and  personal 
health."  Slowly  and  steadily  growing  throughout  the  forty- 
three  years  of  its  history,  it  has  at  present  a  large  number 
of  members  scattered  throughout  the  countries  represented, 
principally  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  Association 
issues  a  monthly  magazine  entitled,  The  American  Journal  of 
Public  Health. 

The  National  Committee  for  Mental  Hygiene  (1909).  50 
Union  Square,  New  York  City,  Clifford  W.  Beers,  Secretary. 
Chief  Purposes:  To  work  for  the  conservation  of  mental 
health  and  for  improvement  in  the  treatment  of  those  suffer- 
ing from  nervous  or  mental  diseases  and  mental  deficiency; 
to  encourage  in  hospitals,  universities,  and  other  institutions 
the  study  of  these  diseases  and  to  assist  in  disseminating 
knowledge  concerning  their  causes,  treatment,  and  preven- 
tion; to  conduct  or  to  supervise  surveys  of  the  care  of  those 
suffering  from  mental  diseases  or  mental  deficiency;  to 
cooperate  with  other  agencies  which  deal  with  any  phases  of 
these  problems;  to  enlist  the  aid  of  the  Federal  and  State 
Governments  and  to  help  organize  and  aid  affiliated  State 
and  local  Societies  or  Committees  for  Mental  Hygiene. 

Social  Hygiene 

American  Social  Hygiene  Association  (1914).  Tilden 
Building,  105  West  Fortieth  Street,  New  York  City. 
Abraham  W.  Harris,  Evanston,  111.,  President;  William  T. 
Snow,  M.D.,  General  Secretary.  The  Association  is  governed 
by  a  Board  of  twenty-one  Directors,  the  immediate  control 
being  vested  in  an  Executive  Committee  of  seven  members 
of  the  Board.  It  also  has  the  support  and  advice  of  a 
strong  list  of  honorary  Vice-Presidents  and  an  Advisory 
Board.  The  purposes  of  the  Association  are  set  forth  in 
the  constitution,  as  follows: 

To  acquire  and  diffuse  knowledge  of  the  established  principles 
and  of  any  new  methods  which  promote,  or  give  assurance 
of  promoting,  social  health;  to  advocate  the  highest  standards 
of  private  and  public  morality;  to  suppress  commercialized 
vice;  to  organize  the  defense  of  the  community  by  every  avail- 


Cooperating  Agencies  191 

able  means,  educational,  sanitary,  or  legislative,  against  the 
diseases  of  vice;  to  conduct  on  request  inquiries  into  the 
present  condition  of  prostitution  and  the  venereal  diseases  in 
American  towns  and  cities;  and  to  secure  mutual  acquaintance 
and  sympathy  and  cooperation  among  the  local  societies  for 
these  or  similar  purposes. 

Immigration 

National  Liberal  Immigration  League  (1906).  150  Nassau 
Street,  New  York  City.  Purpose:  Advocates  careful  selec- 
tion, education,  protection,  and  distribution,  and  opposes 
indiscriminate  restriction  of  immigrants.  Assortment  of 
pamphlets  on  various  phases  of  the  subject  and  list  of  166 
publications  sent  gratis.     Address  Educational  Department. 

Committee  for  Immigrants  in  America  (1914),  and  Na- 
tional Americanization  Committee  (1915).  Joint  national 
clearing-house  for  Americanization  of  alien  residents.  Plans, 
stimulates,  and  organizes  work  for  government  bureaus,  edu- 
cation departments,  chambers  of  commerce,  civic,  social  and 
religious  bodies,  to  secure  uniform  adoption  of  the  English 
language,  urge  qualified  residents  to  become  citizens,  secure 
and  maintain  an  American  standard  of  living,  encourage 
thrift  and  American  investments  and  unite  our  many  peoples 
and  races  into  one  nation.  Publishes  quarterly  Immigrants 
in  America  Review;  subscription,  $2  a  year.  Frank 
Trumbull,  Chairman;  Wm.  Fellowes  Morgan,  Treasurer, 
20  West  Thirty-fourth  Street,  New  York  City. 

Immigrants  Protective  League.  743  Plymouth  Court, 
Chicago,  111.  Purpose:  To  apply  the  civic,  social,  and 
philanthropic  resources  of  the  city  to  the  needs  of  foreigners, 
to  protect  them  from  exploitation,  to  cooperate  with  the 
federal,  state,  and  local  authorities  and  with  similar  organ- 
izations in  other  localities,  and  to  protect  the  right  of  asylum 
in  all  proper  cases.    Has  issued  some  valuable  pamphlets. 

The  Prisoner 
National  Committee   on  Prison  Labor    (1909).     27   East 
Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City,  Miss  Helen  V.  Bos- 
well,  Secretary.    Purpose :  To  study  the  prison  labor  problem 
and  propose  satisfactory  solutions,  to  gather  data  and  statis- 


192    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

tics,  and  to  awaken  public  interest  in  all  the  states.  Invites 
correspondence  on  prison  labor  conditions,  the  industrial 
aspect  of  imprisonment,  the  competition  of  prison  labor,  the 
prisoner's  share  in  his  product. 

National  Probation  Association.  The  Capitol,  Albany, 
N.  Y.  C.  L.  Clute,  Secretary.  Purpose  and  plans:  Advice 
and  information;  literature;  directory  of  probation  officers; 
annual  conference.     Membership  $i  a  year. 

Central  Hozvard  Association.  157  West  Adams  Street, 
Chicago.  Purpose:  To  aid  prisoners  before  and  after  release; 
to  advocate  improved  laws  for  the  prevention  of  crime,  and 
to  secure  better  Prisons,  Reformatories,  and  Jails.  Field  of 
work:  The  Central  Western  States,  including  Illinois, 
Indiana,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota, 
and  Iowa;  also  to  aid  individual  prisoners  anywhere. 

American  Prison  Association,  Empire  Building,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  Joseph  P.  Byers,  General  Secretary.  Purpose: 
I.  The  improvement  of  the  laws  in  relation  to  public  offenses 
and  offenders,  and  the  modes  of  procedure  by  which  such 
laws  are  enforced:  2.  The  study  of  the  causes  of  crime,  the 
nature  of  offenders  and  their  social  surroundings,  the  best 
methods  of  dealing  with  offenders  and  of  preventing  crime; 

3.  The  improvement  of  the  penal,  correctional,  and  reforma- 
tory institutions  throughout  the  country,  and  of  the  govern- 
ment, management,  and  discipline  thereof,  including  the 
appointment    of   boards   of   trustees    and   of    other    officers; 

4.  The  care  of,  and  providing  suitable  and  remunerative 
employment  for,  discharged  prisoners,  and  especially  such  as 
may  have  given  evidence  of  reformation. 

Colored  Race 

National  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Colored 
People  (1911).  70  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City,  Mary 
Childs  Nerney,  Secretary,  Purpose:  To  secure  for  the 
colored  men  and  women  of  this  country  full  enjoyment  of 
their  rights  as  citizens,  justice  in  all  courts,  and  equality 
everywhere;  to  make  a  scientific  study  of  the  race  problem 
and  to  aid  education. 


Cooperating  Agencies  193 

Labor  Legislation 

American  Association  for  Labor  Legislation  (1906).  131 
East  Twenty-third  Street,  New  York  City,  John  B.  Andrews, 
Secretary.  Purpose:  To  publish  summaries  of  labor  legisla- 
tion immediately  after  state  legislatures  adjourn;  to  dis- 
seminate widely  information  concerning  the  legislative 
aspects  of  industrial  education,  women's  work,  child  labor, 
administration  of  labor  laws,  employers'  liability,  workmen's 
compensation,  occupational  diseases,  unemployment  and  in- 
dustrial hygiene.  It  has  eight  state  branches.  Annual 
convention  in  December. 

Labor 

American  Federation  of  Labor.  801  "G"  Street,  N.  W., 
Washington,  D.  C,  Frank  Morrison,  Secretary.  Has  many 
aims  and  departments  of  work  in  common  with  Social  Ser- 
vice Departments  of  the  Churches. 

Women  in  Industry 

National  Women's  Trade  Union  League  of  America 
(1903).  127  North  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  111.,  Mrs. 
Raymond  Robins,  President.  Purpose :  To  promote  the  trade 
organization  of  women  into  unions,  such  unions  to  be  affili- 
ated with  the  American  Federation  of  Labor;  to  show  the 
necessity  for  collective  bargaining  and  to  forward .  labor 
legislation.  Plans :  Placing  of  women  organizers  in  the  field 
for  certain  trades;  investigation  of  occupational  possibilities 
for  women.  Organized  in  seven  cities.  Publishes  a  national 
handbook  and  proceedings  of  conventions. 

National  Consumers'  League  (1899).  106  East  Nineteenth 
Street,  New  York  City,  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley,  General 
Secretary.  Purpose :  To  promote  better  conditions  among 
the  workers  while  securing  to  the  consumer  exemption  from 
the  dangers  attending  unwholesome  conditions;  these  ends 
to  be  attained  by  adequate  investigation  of  the  conditions 
under  which  goods  are  made,  by  the  education  of  public 
opinion,  by  securing  especially  the  cooperation  of  the  con- 
sumer, and  by  legislation.    Plans :  Ten  hour  maximum  work- 


194    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

ing  day  for  women;  minimum  wage  boards;  public  school 
education  on  a  half-time  basis  for  working  boys  and  girls 
over  sixteen;  the  prevention  of  food  adulteration.  A  Com- 
mittee on  Legislation  and  Legal  Defense  of  Labor  Laws  helps 
to  secure  and  to  defend  in  the  courts  legislation  promoting 
the  aims  of  the  League.  This  work  is  organized  in  nineteen 
states.  Annual  meetings  at  a  date  fixed  by  the  Executive 
Committee. 

Committee  on  Women's  Work,  Russell  Sage  Foundation 
(1910).  130  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City, 
Mary  Van  Kleeck,  Secretary.  Investigates  industrial  condi- 
tions and  publishes  reports. 

The  Industrial  Relations  Committee.  Headquarters,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  Purpose:  Furthering  the  recommendations 
of  the  Manly  Report  of  the  United  States  Commission  on 
Industrial  Relations,  the  work  of  which  has  been  closed;  and 
states  its  primary  object  to  be  the  support  of  organized 
labor,  chiefly  "by  removing  governmental  obstacles  to  the 
efforts  of  the  wage-earners  to  organize,  and  insisting  that 
wage-earners  and  their  representatives  have  a  fair  and  free 
field." 

Housing 

National  Housing  Association  (1910).  105  East  Twenty- 
second  Street,  New  York  City,  Lawrence  Veiller,  Secretary 
and  Director.  Purpose:  To  improve  housing  conditions, 
both  urban  and  suburban,  in  every  practicable  way.  Plans: 
For  the  present,  to  do  intensive  work  in  those  cities  where 
there  is  already  a  housing  movement.  An  annual  conference 
will  probably  be  held.  The  organization  is  too  new  for 
definite  plans,  but  is  anxious  to  cooperate  with  other  national 
movements. 

Civics 

American  Civic  Association  (1904).  913-914  Union  Trust 
Building,  Washington,  D.  C,  Richard  B.  Watrous,  Secretary. 
Purpose:  To  cultivate  higher  ideals  of  civic  life  and  beauty 
in  America;  to  promote  city,  town,  and  neighborhood  im- 
provement; to  secure  the  preservation  and  development  of 


Cooperating  Agencies  195 

landscape  and  the  advancement  of  outdoor  art.  It  aims  to 
make  living  conditions  clean,  healthful,  and  attractive;  to 
extend  the  making  of  public  parks;  to  promote  the  opening 
of  gardens  and  playgrounds  for  children  and  recreation 
centers  for  adults;  to  abate  public  nuisances — including  bill- 
boards, objectionable  signs,  needless  noises,  unnecessary  poles 
and  w^ires,  unpleasant  and  wasteful  smoking  factory  chim- 
neys; to  make  the  buildings  and  the  surroundings  of  railway 
stations,  schools,  and  factories  attractive;  to  protect  existing 
trees,  and  to  encourage  intelligent  tree  planting;  to  preserve 
great  scenic  wonders  from  commercial  spoliation.  Plans: 
in  particular  to  urge  comprehensive  city  planning;  to  direct 
a  national  crusade  against  the  house-fly.  There  are  four 
hundred  affiliated  societies.  Has  an  annual  convention, 
usually  in  November.  Publishes  propagandist  literature  and 
instructive  bulletins  relating  to  the  physical  improvement  of 
cities. 

National  Municipal  League  (1894).  121  South  Broad 
Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Clinton  Rogers  Woodruff,  Secre- 
tary. Purpose:  To  promote  the  thorough  investigation  and 
discussion  of  civic  organization  activities  and  administration, 
of  methods  for  selecting  and  appointing  officials  in  American 
cities,  and  of  laws  relating  to  such  subjects;  to  coordinate 
the  forces  of  those  interested  in  municipal  integrity.  Plans: 
Extension  of  committee  work,  including  investigation  of 
city  budgets  and  finances,  instruction  in  civics  in  schools  and 
colleges,  school  extension,  the  police  problem,  franchises, 
municipal  health  and  sanitation.  The  League  asks  that  it 
be  kept  in  touch  with  the  development  of  municipal  affairs 
in  different  communities,  and  will  advise  in  local  municipal 
efforts.  Annual  convention  in  November.  Publishes 
pamphlets,  leaflets,  clipping  sheets,  and  an  annual  volume  of 
proceedings. 

Department  of  Surveys  and  Exhibits,  Russell  Sage  Foun- 
dation. 130  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City, 
Shelby  M.  Harrison,  Director.  Purpose :  A  national  clearing- 
house for  advice  and  information  on  social  surveys  and 
exhibits  and  for  field  assistance  in  organizing  surveys  and 
exhibits. 


196    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Other  General  Bodies 

The  National  Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction, 
The  Southern  Sociological  Congress,  and  other  bodies  have 
committees  on  the  Church  and  Social  Service;  and  the 
Religious  Education  Association  and  other  similar  organiza- 
tions have  Social  Service  Departments. 

Anti-Saloon  League  of  America  (1893).  Westerville,  O. 
P.  A.  Baker,  General  Superintendent.  Purpose:  To  secure 
ultimate  prohibition  of  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxi- 
cating liquor  in  the  United  States  and  progressive  local 
repression  as  a  means  to  that  end. 


VI 
THE  VOICE  OF  THE  CHURCHES 

THIS  chapter  contains  some  of  the  utterances  of  various 
church  bodies  concerning  social  and  industrial  ques- 
tions, followed  by  the  name  of  the  body  that  adopted  them 
or  issued  them. 

The  Social  Creed 

The  united  voice  of  the  churches  concerning  principles 
and  measures  of  social  progress  is  expressed  in  that  state- 
ment which  has  come  to  be  popularly  called  the  "Social 
Creed  of  the  Churches."  The  beginnings  of  this  are  in  a 
statement  adopted  by  the  General  Conference  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  in  May,  1908: 

The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  stands: 

For  equal  rights  and  complete  justice  for  all  men  in  all 
stations  of  life. 

For  the  principle  of  conciliation  and  arbitration  in  industrial 
dissensions. 

For  the  protection  of  the  worker  from  dangerous  machinery, 
occupational  disease,  injuries,  and  mortality. 

For  the  abolition  of  child  labor. 

For  such  regulation  of  the  conditions  of  labor  for  women 
as  shall  safeguard  the  physical  and  moral  health  of  the  com- 
munity. 

For  the  suppression  of  the  "sweating  system." 

For  the  gradual  and  reasonable  reduction  of  the  hours  of 
labor  to  the  lowest  practical  point,  with  work  for  all;  and  for 
that  degree  of  leisure  for  all  which  is  the  condition  of  the 
highest  human  life. 

For  a  release  from  employment  one  day  in  seven. 

For  a  living  wage  in  every  industry. 

For  the  highest  wage  that  each  industry  can  afford,  and  for 
the  most  equitable  division  of  the  products  of  industry  that  can 
ultimately  be  devised. 

197 


198    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

For  the  recognition  of  the  Golden  Rule,  and  the  mind  of 
Christ  as  the  supreme  law  of  society  and  the  sure  remedy  for  all 
social  ills. 

At  the  first  meeting  of  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches 
in  December,  1908,  a  report  was  adopted  on  "The  Church 
and  Modern  Industry."  In  this  report,  the  "Social  Creed 
of  Methodism"  was  expanded  into  the  following  statement: 

To  us  it  seems  that  the  churches  must  stand: 

For  equal  rights  and  complete  justice  for  all  men  in  all 
stations  of  life. 

For  the  right  of  all  men  to  the  opportunity  for  self -main- 
tenance, a  right  ever  to  be  wisely  and  strongly  safeguarded 
against  encroachments  of  every  kind.  For  the  right  of  workers 
to  some  protection  against  the  hardships  often  resulting  from 
the  swift  crises  of  industrial  change. 

For  the  principles  of  conciliation  and  arbitration  in  indus- 
trial dissensions. 

For  the  protection  of  the  worker  from  dangerous  machinery, 
occupational  disease,  injuries,  and  mortality. 

For  the  abolition  of  child  labor. 

For  such  regulation  of  the  conditions  of  toil  for  women  as 
shall  safeguard  the  physical  and  moral  health  of  the  community. 

For  the  suppression  of  the  "sweating  system." 

For  the  gradual  and  reasonable  reduction  of  the  hours  of 
labor  to  the  lowest  practicable  point,  and  for  that  degree  of 
leisure  for  all  which  is  a  condition  of  the  highest  human  life. 

For  a  release  from  employment  one  day  in  seven. 

For  a  living  wage  as  a  minimum  in  every  industry,  and  for 
the  highest  wage  that  each  industry  can  afford. 

For  the  most  equitable  division  of  the  products  of  industry 
that  can  ultimately  be  devised. 

For  suitable  provision  for  the  old  age  of  the  workers  and 
for  those  incapacitated  by  injury. 

For  the  abatement  of  poverty. 

This  statement  was  adopted  and  changed  by  various  de- 
nominational bodies,  as  follows : 

The  National  Council  and  National  Brotherhood  of  the 
Congregational  Churches  of  America  added  to  the  declara- 
tion for  one  day's  rest  in  seven,  "Wherever  possible  on  the 
Christian  Sabbath,"  at  its  meeting  in   1910.     The  Presby- 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  199 

terian  Assembly  of  1910  adopted  the  declaration  in  ex- 
panded form,  adding  statements  about  "the  obligation  of 
wealth,"  "the  application  of  Christian  principles  to  the  con- 
duct of  industrial  organizations,"  and  "a  more  equitable 
distribution  of  wealth." 

The  Northern  Baptist  Convention  in  191 1  added  "mining 
disasters"  to  "the  protection  of  the  worker  from  dangerous 
machinery,  occupational  diseases,  injuries,  and  mortality," 
and  added  to  "the  abolition  of  child-labor,"  "the  protection  of 
children  from  exploitation  in  industry  and  from  work  that 
is  degrading,  dwarfing,  and  morally  unwholesome."  Three 
entire  new  statements  were  also  added,  as  follows : 

The  control  of  the  natural  resources  of  the  earth  in  the 
interests  of  all  the  people. 

The  gaining  of  wealth  by  Christian  methods  and  principles, 
and  the  holding  of  wealth  as  a  social  trust. 

The  discouragement  of  the  immoderate  desire  for  wealth ; 
and  the  exaltation  of  man  as  the  end  and  standard  of  industrial 
activity. 

The  Presbyterians  of  Canada  in  191 1  passed  the  follow- 
ing resolutions : 

Believing  that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  church  to  show  that 
Christian  principles  apply  to  human  affairs,  the  General  Assembly 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada  declares  its  belief  in  a 
program. 

For  the  acknowledgment  of  the  obligations  of  wealth ;  for 
the  application  of  Christian  principles  to  industrial  associations; 
for  a  more  equitable  distribution  of  wealth;  for  the  abolition  of 
poverty;  for  the  protection  of  childhood;  for  the  safeguarding 
of  the  working  people  from  dangerous  machinery;  for  com- 
pensation for  industrial  accidents;  for  the  regulation  of  work- 
ing conditions  in  other  ways;  for  one  day's  rest  in  seven;  for 
conciliation  and  arbitration  in  industrial  disputes;  for  proper 
housing;  for  proper  care  of  dependents  and  criminals  and  the 
prevention  of  crime  and  vice;  for  pure  food  and  drugs;  for 
wholesome  recreation;  and  for  international  peace. 

The  Unitarians  in  191 1  adopted  the  Baptist  declaration, 
and  added  two  new  statements,  as  follows; 


200    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

For  proper  housing;  for  the  proper  care  of  dependents  and 
criminals;  for  pure  food  and  drugs;  for  wholesome  recreation 
and  for  international  peace. 

For  such  safeguarding  and  extension  of  the  institutions  of 
democratic  government  as  will  permit  and  insure  the  main- 
tenance of  the  rights  of  all  against  the  encroachment  from  the 
special  interests  of  the  few. 

In  May,  1912,  the  Methodist  Episcopal  General  Conference 
added  to  the  Federal  Council  statement  of  1908,  the  following: 

For  the  protection  of  the  family,  by  the  single  standard  of 
purity,  uniform  divorce  laws,  proper  regulation  of  marriage, 
and  proper  housing. 

For  the  fullest  possible  development  for  every  child,  especially 
by  the  provision  of  proper  education  and  recreation. 

For  such  regulation  of  the  conditions  of  toil  for  women  as 
shall  safeguard  the  physical  and  moral  health  of  the  community. 

For  the  protection  of  the  individual  and  society  from  the 
social,  economic,  and  moral  waste  of  the  liquor  traffic. 

For  the  conservation  of  health. 

The  phrase  "For  the  abatement  of  poverty"  was  amended 
to  read  "For  the  abatement  and  prevention  of  poverty." 

These  changes  were  made  as  the  result  of  an  agreement 
among  the  social  service  Secretaries  of  the  various  de- 
nominations and  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission  con- 
cerning the  best  form  for  "The  Social  Creed  of  the  Churches." 

In  December,  1912,  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches 
adopted  this  amplified  form  with  two  further  additions,  so 
that  "The  Social  Creed  of  the  Churches"  now  reads  as 
follows : 

The  Churches  must  stand  for — 

The  protection  of  the  family,  by  the  single  standard  of  purity, 
uniform  divorce  laws,  proper  regulation  of  marriage,  and  proper 
housing. 

The  fullest  possible  development  for  every  child,  especially  by 
the  provision  of  proper  education  and  recreation. 

The  abolition  of  child  labor. 

Such  regulation  of  the  conditions  of  toil  for  women  as  shall 
safeguard  the  physical  and  moral  health  of  the  community. 

The  abatement  and  prevention  of  poverty. 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  201 

The  protection  of  the  individual  and  society  from  the  social, 
economic,  and  moral  waste  of  the  liquor  traffic. 

The  conservation  of  health. 

The  protection  of  the  worker  from  dangerous  machinery, 
occupational  diseases,  and  mortality. 

The  right  of  all  men  to  the  opportunity  for  self-maintenance, 
for  safeguarding  this  right  against  encroachments  of  every 
kind,  and  for  the  protection  of  workers  from  the  hardships  of 
enforced  unemployment. 

Suitable  provision  for  the  old  age  of  the  workers,  and  for 
those  incapacitated  by  injury.  * 

The  right  of  employees  and  employers  alike  to  organize,  and 
for  adequate  means  of  conciliation  and  arbitration  in  industrial 
disputes. 

A  release  from  employment  one  day  in  seven. 

The  gradual  and  reasonable  reduction  of  the  hours  of  labor 
to  the  lowest  practicable  point,  and  for  that  degree  of  leisure 
for  all  which  is  a  condition  of  the  highest  human  life. 

A  living  wage  as  a  minimum  in  every  industry,  and  for  the 
highest  wage  that  each  industry  can  afford. 

A  new  emphasis  on  the  application  of  Christian  principles 
to  the  acquisition  and  use  of  property,  and  for  the  most  equi- 
table division  of  the  product  of  industry  that  can  ultimately  be 
devised. 

In  1913  the  Seventh  Day  Baptist  General  Conference 
adopted  the  Federal  Council  Declaration  with  the  following 
additions : 

The  unwisdom  and  unscripturalness  of  what  are  commonly 
known  as  "Sunday  Laws." 

A  new  emphasis  upon  the  vital  need,  everywhere,  in  individual 
and  collective  life,  of  the  religion  and  ethics  of  Jesus,  our 
Saviour  and  Lord. 

Industrial  and  Social  Conditions 

Modern  industry  is  no  longer  an  experiment,  no  longer  a 
transition.  It  is  a  status,  a  state  in  which  the  life  of  mankind 
is  fixed  as  far  ahead  as  any  of  us  can  see.  It  claims  an  era 
all  its  own.  No  other  era  is  marked  more  distinctively  than  this. 
Its  characteristics  are  now  radically  different,  strangely  discon- 
nected with  the  more  remote  past,  and  still  more  mysteriously 
determinative  of  the  future,  into  the  unknown  and  unimagined 


202    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 


possibilities  of  which  it  is  driving  us  at  a  pace  set  by  the  weird 
motive  powers  of  modern  times. 

The  whole  world  recognizes  this  industrial  age  as  its  own. 
The  last  of  the  hermit  nations  has  just  surrendered  to  its  sway. 
The  Crusades  did  not  break  up  the  medievalism  of  the  nations 
more  than  the  modern  industrial  migrations  are  breaking  down 
exclusively  national  boundary  lines  and  combining  the  peoples 
of  the  earth  into  great  international  cooperating  communities. 
Country  people  are  still  pouring  into  industrial  city  centers. 
The  cities  are  as  surely  urbanizing  the  conditions  of  country 
life  and  labor.  Even  the  "agrarians"  are  becoming  "industrials." 
Industrial  conditions  and  relations  fairly  constitute  the  conscious 
life.  They  almost  wholly  absorb  its  energy.  They  largely 
determine  the  character  and  destiny  of  immense  and  rapidly 
increasing  majorities  of  the  race. 

Is  the  age  of  industry  as  truly  an  age  of  the  church?  Can 
it  be,  unless  the  church  recognizes  it  to  be  its  own  age  and  is 
recognized  as  belonging  to  it?  Does  not  this  recognition  of  the 
church  by  an  industrial  people  as  something  indispensably  their 
own  depend  upon  the  church's  dealing  in  the  terms  and  with  the 
conditions  under  which  the  present  people  are  living  their  lives 
and  earning  their  livings?  Must  not  the  ways  of  livelihood 
become  less  obstructive  to  and  more  identified  with  the  "way 
of  life"?  Can  the  churches  fall  short  of  interpreting  the  gospel 
in  terms  of  industrial  relationships  and  economic  values  without 
failing  to  be  understood  or  appreciated  by  the  people  of  an 
industrial  age? 

The  sins  of  the  age  are  in  large  part  industrial  and  com- 
mercial. Should  not  salvation  be  as  directly  applied  to  com- 
merce and  industry?  The  fratricidal  strifes  of  the  age,  and 
even  its  international  wars,  are  industrial  and  economic  strug- 
gles for  commercial  advantage.  Has  the  church  no  gospel  of 
industrial  peace  to  offer?  The  very  diseases  and  death  rates  of 
the  age  are  occupational  and  due  to  industrial  causes.  Are 
there  no  leaves  from  the  tree  of  life  for  the  healing  of  the 
nations?  The  personal  and  class  injustices  are  almost  wholly 
industrial.  Has  Christianity  lost  its  Amos-like  prophets?  The 
political  corruptions  which  shame  and  menace  the  states  of 
William  Penn  and  Abraham  Lincoln  are — as  everywhere  else — 
due  to  commercial  corruption.  The  very  vices  which  debauch 
our  youth  and  sell  our  maidens  are  artificially  increased,  perpet- 
uated, and  protected  by  being  commercialized  for  the  profit 
that  is  to  be  made  from  the  loss  of  souls.    Is  there  no  arm  to 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  203 

save,  stretched  out  far  enough  to  prevent  the  loss  of  the  many 
as  the  prey  of  the  few? 

The  legislation  of  the  age  is  industrial.  Has  the  gospel  no 
law  for  the  church  to  apply  to  protect  life  and  limb  in  the 
peaceful  pursuits  of  labor,  to  prevent  the  exploitation  of  child- 
hood's right  to  play  and  learn,  to  limit  the  hours  and  conditions 
of  women's  work  for  the  sake  of  girlhood,  wifehood,  and 
motherhood?  Have  the  disabled  soldiers  in  our  vast  armies 
of  industry  and  navies  of  commerce  no  claims  upon  the 
church  to  induce  or  compel  the  industries  by  which  they  lost 
their  livelihood  to  recognize  them  as  the  "pensioners  of  peace"? 
The  captaincy  of  the  age  and  its  greatest  achievements  are 
industrial,  attracting  men  and  women  of  the  choicest  powers 
and  capacities.  Do  they  not  need  the  incentive  and  restraints 
of  the  gospel  and  the  claims  of  the  church  upon  their  social 
service  for  the  community?  The  brotherhoods  of  the  age  are 
more  and  more  based  upon  the  bond  of  the  community  of 
industrial  interests.  Can  the  church  brotherhoods  be  brotherly 
without  taking  fraternal  part  with  the  great  industrial  brother- 
hoods in  settling  the  most  crucial  questions  of  the  times? — 
The  National  Council  and  National  Brotherhood  of  Congrega- 
tional Churches,  Boston,  Oct.  9-16,  1910. 

The  industrial  unrest  throughout  the  world  is  an  expression 
of  the  demand  of  the  workers  for  a  voice  in  determining  the 
conditions  that  so  deeply  affect  their  lives.  It  is  a  cry  for 
brotherhood  and  fellowship.  The  time  was  when  industry  being 
conducted  on  a  small  scale  the  employer  could  come  into  direct 
personal  relations  with  the  men  working  for  him,  but  this  is 
changed  to-day  and  with  large  scale  industries  much  of  the 
stock  is  held  by  absentee  owners.  Under  these  circumstances 
the  owners  and  the  workers  never  meet,  and  the  only  touch  of 
one  group  with  the  other  is  through  superintendents  and  man- 
agers. This  change  has  divided  owners  and  workers  into 
different  and  competing  groups.  With  the  impersonal  autocratic 
control  of  industry  labor  has  become  simply  a  cog  in  the  wheels 
of  a  machine.  Profit  is  the  main  consideration  and  with  this 
motive  so  strongly  in  the  foreground  the  human  element  has 
a  difficult  time  making  any  showing  at  all.  The  failure  on  the 
part  of  the  stockholders  to  recognize  their  responsibilities  lay 
at  the  foundation  of  the  bitter  labor  struggle  in  Colorado.  The 
same  was  also  true  of  the  strike  in  the  Calumet  copper  district. 
To  better  this  condition  there  must  be  some  means  of  com- 
munication between  employer  and  employee.    The  working  man 


204    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

must  be  given  some  voice  in  the  management  of  industry.  The 
principle  of  "equal  rights  and  complete  justice  for  all  men" 
involves  the  principle  of  democracy  which  all  accept  in  govern- 
ment. It  must  now  be  appHed  to  the  industrial  system.  This 
principle  is  best  applied  through  collective  bargaining,  which 
means  that  instead  of  each  individual  working  man  being  forced 
to  make  his  own  contract  with  the  concern  for  which  he  works, 
through  a  person  or  persons  representative  of  his  group,  a 
bargain  is  made  as  to  hours,  wages,  and  conditions  of  labor  for 
himself  and  his  companions.  There  can  be  no  collective  bar- 
gaining without  some  form  of  recognition  of  the  right  of  the 
employee,  as  well  as  the  employer,  to  organize.  It  is  only  by 
organization  that  the  workers  can  meet  on  any  terms  of  equality 
the  representatives  of  organized  capital.  Until  employers  are 
willing  to  treat  with  their  workers  on  this  basis  there  can  be 
little  hope  of  improvement  in  industry. 

Too  often  in  industrial  disputes  the  parties  have  divided  over 
minor  and  technical  questions  relating  to  the  question  of  recog- 
nition of  the  Union  and  of  like  sort,  thus  losing  sight  of  this 
larger  principle.  Until  this  principle  is  established  there  can 
be  no  permanent  peace.  Democracy  in  government  and  autoc- 
racy in  the  industries  which  support  and  make  possible  the 
political  structure  are  unalterably  opposed  to  each  other. 

Our  churches  must  seek  in  a  positive  and  united  way  to 
create  a  better  social  condition  and  inspire  the  consciences  of 
individuals  and  show  whole  communities  that  it  is  possible 
to  apply  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  to  the  social  and  industrial 
life;  must  teach  the  value  of  the  sacrificial  in  the  common  life 
of  to-day.  But,  above  all,  the  churches  must  raise  the  standard 
and  must  point  the  way  in  which  others  are  to  follow.  The 
solution  of  our  deepest  problems  is  a  matter  of  ideals,  and  the 
churches  alone  can  create  the  faith,  remold  the  consciences, 
and  bring  about  the  spirit  of  cooperation  that  will  result  in 
social  adjustment  both  by  means  of  better  legislation  and  by 
voluntary  outworkings  of  a  new  spirit  of  good-will. — Congrega- 
tional National  Council,  191 5. 

Social   Service 

Social  service  is  that  form  of  service  for  human  betterment 
which  seeks  to  uplift  and  transform  man  in  his  associated  and 
community  life. 

We  have  found  that  environment  has  much  to  do  with  char- 
acter and  therefore  one  of  our  great  tasks  is  to  put  the  proper 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  205 

environment  around  men  and  women  so  that  they  can  develop  in 
the  hest  possible  way.  Social  service  not  only  ministers  to 
obvious  needs,  but  attempts  to  seek  out  and  cure  the  causes  of 
poverty  and  misery.  The  ultimate  goal  of  all  social  service  is 
social  salvation,  that  the  whole  world  of  man  and  all  his  affairs 
may  be  changed  and  made  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  God. 

in  the  picture  of  the  last  judgment  it  was  those  who  had 
served  humanity  the  best  who  received  the  Master's  reward. 
The  social  demands  of  to-day  present  a  definite  challenge  to 
the  church  of  our  generation;  the  challenge  to  lift  from  the 
shoulders  of  young  children  the  burdens  imposed  by  the  in- 
dustrial system;  to  give  an  opportunity  for  education  to  every 
child.  It  is  a  challenge  to  change  the  conditions  that  are 
breeding  paupers,  vice,  and  misery,  and  to  help  make  and  ad- 
minister such  laws  that  society  itself  will  produce  the  greatest 
degree  of  health  and  happiness  for  all  citizens.  It  is  a  chal- 
lenge to  make  real  the  brotherhood  of  man. 

The  flow  of  immigration  has  filled  our  cities  with  people, 
strangers  to  us  and  to  whom  our  ways  of  life  are  strange  and 
new.  The  shifting  of  the  population  from  country  to  city 
with  the  increasing  number  of  farm  tenants  is  developing  a 
kind  of  new-world  peasantry.  Specialized  industry  and  seasonal 
trades  cause  groups  of  employees  to  work  beyond  their  strength 
for  unreasonably  long  hours  at  certain  periods  and  then  throw 
them  idle  upon  the  community  for  even  longer  periods.  The 
breaking  down  of  old  personal  relations ;  the  depersonalizing  of 
industry;  the  changed  conditions  in  the  home, — all  of  these 
things  throw  a  new  responsibility  upon  the  community,  so  that 
our  lives  are  to-day  more  generally  controlled  by  social  forces 
than  ever  before  in  the  history  of  the  world. 

The  question  that  we  are  all  asked  is  this :  "Is  the  church 
able  to  meet  the  new  demands  upon  it?"  Your  Commission  is 
glad  to  report  a  splendid  response  on  the  part  of  our  churches 
to  the  calls  of  this  new  day.  The  programs  that  have  been 
formed  have  been  widely  adopted  and  are  being  made  effective 
not  only  in  State  Conferences  and  local  Associations,  but  in 
hundreds  of  local  parishes  as  well. — Congregational  National 
Council,  1915. 

There  are  many  phases  of  the  present  industrial  conditions 
in  the  United  States  which  cry  aloud  for  immediate  remedy. 
The  church,  which  has  obligations  to  every  sort  of  interest  and 
person  in  the  community,  must  be  identified,  locally  and  nationally, 
with   the   whole  of   the  people   more   markedly   than   with   any 


206    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

part  of  them,  and  will  be  sensitive  to  every  influence  which 
affects  the  larger  constituency.  It  is  not  the  kinds  of  men  that 
should  command  the  church's  attention,  but  their  numerical 
importance,  their  accessibility,  and  their  conditions  of  need. 

Multitudes  are  deprived,  by  what  are  called  economic  laws, 
of  that  opportunity  to  which  every  man  has  a  right.  When 
automatic  movements  cause  injustice  and  disaster,  the  autonomy 
should  be  destroyed.  That  to  these  impersonal  causes  are 
added  the  cruelties  of  greed,  the  heartlessness  of  ambition,  and 
the  cold  indifference  of  corporate  selfishness,  every  friend  of 
his  fellow  must  with  grief  and  shame  admit.  The  unemployed 
are  an  "army."  The  "accidents"  of  factories  and  railroads 
crowd  our  institutions  and  tenements  with  widows  and  orphans. 
The  stress  of  reckless  competition  which  loads  manhood  with 
oppressive  burdens,  levies  upon  the  frail  strength  of  woman- 
hood, and  turns  sunny  childhood  into  drudgery,  dwarfs  our 
stature,  saps  our  vitality,  crowds  our  prisons,  vitiates  our 
virtue,  and  darkens  our  old  age.  The  "homes"  of  the  wage- 
earners  in  our  great  cities  are  an  indictment  of  our  civilization. 
The  meager  income,  which  is  easily  reckoned  sufficient  by  the 
fortunate  who  are  not  forced  to  live  upon  it,  is  without  war- 
rant of  reason.  The  helplessness  of  the  individual  worker,  the 
swift  changes  in  location  of  industrial  centers,  the  constant 
introduction  of  labor-saving  appliances,  the  exactions  of  land- 
lords, add  uncertainty  to  privation.  The  hazard  of  the  mine, 
the  monotony  of  the  shop,  the  poverty  of  the  home,  the  sick- 
ness of  the  family,  the  closing  of  the  doors  of  higher  opportunity 
react  with  dreadful  precision  upon  temperament  and  mar 
character. — Federal  Council  of  Churches,  1908. 

Our  problems,  nearly  all  of  them,  at  least,  go  back  to  the 
fundamental  one,  of  Industry.  We  are  not  unaware  of  its 
confused  ethics  or  of  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  securing  an 
industrial  equality  which  shall  ameliorate  our  social  wrongs; 
but  this  need  not  daunt  us  in  our  faith  that  the  gospel  professed' 
by  the  churches  of  Christ  in  America  is  equal  to  the  task. 

The  fact  that  to-day  social  unrest  pervades  the  favored  few 
and  not  only  the  unfavored  many,  is  a  luminous  sign  of  hope. 

There  are  many — far  many  more  than  there  were  four  years 
ago — of  our  leaders  in  industry  and  commerce,  high-minded 
men,  with  sympathetic  hearts,  who  are  seeking  to  extricate 
themselves  and  their  fellows  from  the  toils  of  a  bewildered 
economic  system. 

There    is    a    rapidly    increasing   host    of    democratic    leaders, 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  207 

chosen  by  the  masses  of  the  people,  who  are  seeking  the  highest 
liberty  under  moral  law. 

We  believe  that  these  are  to  displace  in  power  those  whose 
spirit  is  bitter,  whose  selfishness  is  primary,  whose  philosophy  is 
determinism,  and  whose  political  economy  is  that  of  a  some- 
times paternalistic  feudalism  which  they  blindly  seek  to  conserve 
in  the  face  of  an  industrial  democracy  chartered  by  the  gospel 
of  Jesus  Christ,  and  those  faithless  guides  of  the  people  who 
simply  worship  the  mammon  that  other  men  possess, — Federal 
Council  of  Churches,  1912. 

The  condition  of  affairs  in  the  industrial  world  at  this  time 
is  well  calculated  to  awake  questioning  and  alarm.  In  many 
communities  there  is  much  friction  between  employers  and 
employees,  with  frequent  labor  disputes,  sometimes  leading  to 
strikes  and  lockouts.  It  is  not  always  easy  for  Christian  men  to 
do  the  wise  and  helpful  thing  in  such  cases.  But  for  them  to 
do  nothing  to  know  and  remove  the  causes  of  friction,  to 
prevent  strikes  and  lockouts,  and  to  promote  a  better  under- 
standing between  employers  and  working  people  is  a  pitiful 
confession  of  weakness  where  it  is  not  cowardly  evasion  of 
duty.  The  men  of  the  church  in  every  community  should  have 
a  committee  on  conciliation  and  arbitration,  and  in  a  brave  and 
intelligent  way  they  should  accept  their  task  of  making  peace 
among  men. — Northern  Baptist  Convention,  1913. 

The  property  right  is  merely  one  conferred  upon  the  individ- 
ual by  the  community.  Morally  it  exists  only  in  return  for 
social  service.  It  must,  in  every  case,  yield  to  the  needs  of 
humanity.  No  business  interests,  no  profit,  however  great,  can 
warrant  the  deliberate  deterioration  of  human  life.  Such  a 
principle  has  clear  implications.  To  illustrate  from  facts  re- 
cently brought  in  a  startling  way  before  the  pubhc:  No  Christian 
employer  can  find  valid  ground  for  conducting  an  industry 
which  requires,  or  even  permits,  the  regular  employment  of 
men  for  twelve  hours  a  day,  seven  days  in  the  week,  at  a  wage 
which  necessitates  the  work  of  women  and  children  that  the 
family  may  live. 

Christian  society  ought  not  to  permit  the  existence  of  any 
industry  which  cannot  succeed  without  the  labor  of  women  and 
children  under  unnatural  conditions.  "Inasmuch  as  ye  have 
done  it  unto  one  of  the  least  of  these  my  brethren,"  is  the 
final  test  of  our  Christianity.  The  first  care  of  the  Christian 
employer  should  be,  not  his  profits,  but  his  men.     He  should 


208    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

think,  not  so  much  of  getting  work  out  of  them,  as  of  helping 
to  form  those  habits  of  industry  which  contribute  to  health 
and  character. 

The  same  principle  governs  the  church's  message  to  the 
laborer.  It  is  her  business  to  help  him  to  understand  his  own 
struggle  and  its  meaning.  He  must  learn  that  it  is  develop- 
ment of  the  whole  man  which  gives  his  struggle  dign^t3^  The 
better  physical  conditions  and  the  opportunity  for  recreation 
and  education  and  family  life  which  he  seeks  are  not  ends,  but 
means  to  the  end,  of  better  men  and  women.  His  unions  are 
justified  through  seeking  such  an  end.  When,  therefore,  he 
seems  to  stand  for  mediocrity,  for  the  diminution  of  oppor- 
tunity for  individuals,  for  a  purely  class  interest  and  spirit,  or 
for  violence,  the  church  must  equally  reprove.  When  in  igno- 
rance that  his  whole  present  advance  springs  from  the  life  which 
the  church  preserves  for  the  world,  he  attacks  her  or  neglects 
her,  she  must  reach  out  in  tenderness  to  win  him  back.  Only 
in  sympathetic  touch  can  the  church  find  the  way  to  that  hold 
upon  the  life  of  the  laborer  which  she  has  so  largely  lost. 
— Protestant  Episcopal  General  Convention,  1910. 

It  is  patent  that  the  time  has  come  when  the  church  must  face 
this  issue;  if  she  is  to  stand  as  a  church  of  humanity,  she  can 
no  longer  afford  to  ignore  the  demand  or  the  challenge  of  the 
wage-earners.  This  is  no  mere  question  of  organized  labor  or 
of  unorganized  labor,  of  open  or  closed  shop,  of  wages  and 
conditions  of  employment.  It  is  a  question  of  the  attitude  of 
Christian  people  represented  in  the  church  toward  the  problems 
of  the  toilers  in  our  cities,  towns,  and  villages.  If  the  church 
is  not  to  fail  in  her  duty  to  mankind,  she  must  demand  justice 
for  wage-earners,  and  so  much  reorganization  of  society  and 
industry  as  to  insure  that  justice. — 

We  do  not  request  this  Convention  to  indorse  any  one  of  these 
specific  declarations  of  economic  principles  formulated  by  the 
workers  or  by  other  communions ;  but  we  do  submit,  that,  in  our 
judgment,  the  Convention  should  go  on  record  as  favoring  a 
general  recognition  of  the  church's  duty  with  reference  to  the 
cause  of  industrial  justice,  leaving  the  particular  solution  or 
solutions  of  the  problem  to  the  union  of  a  Christianized  social 
conscience  with  practical  experience  of  the  value  of  diverse 
proposed  methods. — From  the  Report  of  the  Joint  Commission 
on  Social  Service,  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  19 13. 

There  is  one  kind  of  poverty  that  is  often  a  blessing — the 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  209 

poverty  that  promotes  industry,  ambition,  and  enterprise;  the 
poverty  that  is  decently  housed,  that  has  plenty  of  sunshine 
and  fresh  air;  the  poverty  that  has  few  dollars,  but  that  has  an 
abundance  to  eat  and  to  wear;  the  poverty  that  is  clean  and 
self-respecting,  and  ambitious  and  buoyant,  and  hopeful;  the 
poverty  of  our  fathers  and  of  our  fathers'  sons. 

It  is  not  of  this  sort  of  poverty  that  we  speak,  but  of  a 
poverty  that  is  an  accursed  thing;  the  kind  of  poverty  that 
makes  a  man  go  hungry  and  wear  shoddy  clothes  and  rotten 
shoes;  that  compels  him  to  raise  his  children  in  the  slums;  that 
makes  life  a  blighted  thing;  that  makes  thieves  and  syco- 
phants of  men;  that  robs  them  of  dignity  and  tempts  them  to 
dishonor;  that  makes  them  discouraged,  bitter,  hopeless,  blas- 
phemous; that  drives  them  to  seek  oblivion  in  drugs  and  drink; 
that  tempts  the  poor,  overstrained  girl  to  sell  her  virtue;  that 
gives  children  no  better  chance  for  vigorous  life  than  sickly 
plants  in  some  foul  cellar;  that  puts  a  blight  and  a  mildew  and 
a  slime  on  every  holy,  beautiful  possibility  of  life;  that  exacts 
grinding  unremitting  toil,  and  that  gives  in  return  not  life, 
but  bitterness;  that  consigns  to  a  life  as  empty  of  dignity  and 
gladness  and  hope,  as  pit  or  tomb;  that  makes  the  spirit  sordid, 
harsh,  mean,  irreligious,  vengeful,  bitter,  anarchistic,  murderous. 
This  sort  of  poverty  Jesus  never  meant  to  have  with  us  always; 
it  is  in  his  eyes  monstrous  and  accursed  and  of  the  devil;  and 
from  it,  and  from  the  selfishness  that  permits  it  and  makes  it 
possible,  he  came  to  set  us  free. 

If  the  religion  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  means  anything  to 
us  it  means  this:  That  we  cannot  enjoy  our  banquet  to  the 
full  until  all  hungry  ones  are  seated  with  us  at  the  table;  it 
means  that  there  will  be  restlessness  and  hot  discontent  in  our 
hearts  until  every  good  gift  of  God  which  is  in  our  hands  shall 
be  in  our  brothers'  hands;  it  means  that  the  supreme  interest 
of  our  lives  shall  be  to  take  the  chains  from  our  brother's 
limbs  and  give  him  the  freedom  of  all  God's  glorious  king- 
doms ;  it  means  that  we  are  going  to  bring  back  the  glory  of 
God  into  his  heart  and  eyes,  and  that  we  are  going  to  put  a 
song  of  praise  and  thanksgiving  in  his  mouth;  it  means  that  we 
are  going  to  advertise  the  v/rongs  of  men  and  in  the  spirit 
of  God's  own  Son  champion  the  weak  and  helpless  ones  of 
life;  it  means  that  we  are  going  to  crown  ourselves  with  their 
thorns  until  their  great  day  of  jubilee  shall  dawn. — United 
Presbyterian  Brotherhood  Convention,  1912. 

The  problems  of  capital  and  labor  have  become  in  a  certain 


210    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

sense  the  paramount  concern  of  the  nations  of  the  world. 
Through  practically  every  avenue  of  publicity  the  people  are 
being  informed  as  to  modern  social  and  industrial  conditions. 
Complacency  can  exist  only  in  the  hearts  of  those  v^ho  are 
ignorant  of  the  inequalities  and  injustice  of  our  present  social 
order.  To  know  the  truth  about  that  vast  underworld  of 
miserable  ones  who  are  the  victims  of  social  injustice  is  to 
bring  the  fever  and  unrest  of  a  quickened  conscience  within  us. 
Light  will  kill  any  evil,  monstrous  thing,  and  publicity  is  light. 
We  as  a  church  are  to  concern  ourselves  more  and  more  in 
setting  forth  the  facts  in  regard  to  social  wrongs,  and  in 
using  the  strong  public  sentiment  thus  created  as  an  instrument 
for  the  freeing  of  the  enthralled  and  oppressed. — General  As- 
semhly  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church,  1913. 

In  the  civilization  of  to-day,  when  food  and  things  needful 
to  the  body  are  lacking,  the  kingdom  of  God  in  the  lives  of 
humanity  is  retarded. 

When  the  great  merchant  princes  of  our  time  become  mil- 
lionaires, and  a  pitifully  small  wage  is  paid  to  the  girls  that 
work  in  their  emporiums,  do  you  think  religion  should  have 
anything  to  say  to  the  princes  of  finance? 

When  the  prices  of  the  necessities  of  life  become  high 
through  juggling  of  the  markets,  so  that  little  children  in  our 
slums,  and  in  our  manufacturing  centers,  are  insufficiently 
nourished  and  clothed,  and  all  through  their  lives  their  bodies 
are  stunted,  do  you  think  that  religion  should  have  anything 
to  say  for  the  children? 

When  women  are  driven  through  the  necessities  of  economic 
conditions  and  their  husbands'  greed  to  leave  their  homes  and 
their  children,  and  give  the  best  hours  of  the  day  to  work  in 
factories,  should  anything  be  said  to  lighten  their  burden,  and 
make  the  call  of  motherhood  of  supreme  importance? 

When  public  school  education  is  centered  more  and  more  in 
our  cities,  and  the  social  work  of  multitudinous  activities  makes 
the  lives  of  the  city  dwellers  interesting  and  neighborly,  what 
should  be  done  by  our  country  churches,  to  make  more  pleas- 
ant and  neighborly  the  lives  of  the  folks  dwelling  in  the  remote 
rural  places  of  our  lands?  Does  religion  have  anything  to  say 
that  will  help  our  young  country  boys  and  girls  in  outlying 
districts  to  have  a  life  that  will  have  enough  of  good,  healthful 
fun  and  pleasure,  or  are  these  things  too  worldly? 

If    economic    conditions    and    degenerate    children,    born    of 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  211 

diseased  parents,  make  possible  and  probable  the  brothels  of 
Christian  America,  should  the  church  cure  the  disease,  or  should 
it  treat  only  the  symptoms,  after  the  disease  has  spread  through 
the  body  politic?— 77ie  Commission  on  Social  Service  of  the 
American  Christian  Convention. 

In  order  to  preserve  the  Christian  civilization  which  our 
fathers  built  by  their  sacrifices  and  in  order  to  carry  it  for- 
ward to  fuller  perfection,  we  must  work  out  an  order  of  industry 
and  commerce  which  shall  be  at  least  an  approximate  expres- 
sion of  the  fact  that  all  men  are  a  great  family  with  one  Father, 
and  which  shall  embody  Christ's  law  of  love  and  service  in  the 
institutions  of  society.  The  great  awakening  of  the  social 
conscience  warns  us  that  men  are  coming  under  a  sense  of  sin 
as  to  our  social  order  and  are  feeling  the  craving  for  some- 
thing juster  and  nobler.  As  Americans  we  are  humbled  and 
shamed  when  we  find  poverty  and  degradation  establishing 
themselves  in  permanent  form  on  American  soil.  As  Christians 
we  have  a  call  which  brooks  no  refusal.  The  mind  and  heart 
of  the  Christian  church  must  from  now  on  address  itself  to 
the  great  constructive  task  of  creating  a  Christian  economic 
order.  If  the  church  lacks  boldness  or  vision  for  this  task, 
it  will  find  itself  outstripped  and  outbid  by  socialism. — Social 
Service  Message,  Men  and  Religion  Movement. 

Back  of  all  the  problems  of  the  modern  world  lies  the 
fundamental  unrest,  amounting  often  to  open  hostility  and  war- 
fare, between  labor  and  capital,  between  men  and  women  on 
the  one  side  who  toil  with  their  hands  and  who  have  no  other 
economic  resources,  and  the  owners  and  controllers  of  the 
earth's  raw  materials  and  its  supplies  of  energy  and  power  on 
the  other.  This  immense  industrial  problem  is  too  vast  and 
complicated  for  such  a  commission  as  ours  to  deal  with,  but  it 
is  a  problem  we  may  as  well  realize  that  touches  every  feature 
of  modern  civilization  and  concerns  the  very  life  of  the  Chris- 
tian church.  Without  a  profound  transformation  of  the  exist- 
ing industrial,  warring,  competitive,  individualistic  basis  of  human 
society,  no  kingdom  of  God  is  even  conceivable,  and  it  is  one 
great  mission  of  the  church  of  Christ  to  lead  the  movement 
that  shall  produce  this  "profound  transformation." — Five  Years' 
Meeting  of  Friends,  191 1. 

I.  That  the  church  has  a  vital  interest  in  all  the  social  rela- 
tions of  men,  and  owes  a  duty  in  the  solution  of  every  social 
problem ; 


212    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

2.  That,  in  the  discharge  of  this  duty,  the  church  should 
follow  the  order  of  procedure  indicated  by  the  Lord,  namely, 
seek  first  to  save  individuals,  and  through  them,  as  "the  salt  of 
the  earth"  and  "the  light  of  the  world,"  to  save  and  uplift  the 
world ; 

3.  That  the  church  should  seek  to  know  the  social  conditions 
in  every  community,  and  set  itself  earnestly  to  interpret  the 
gospel  of  Jesus  in  relation  to  the  needs  of  all  classes;  that  is, 
it  should  faithfully  teach  the  demands  of  truth,  righteousness,  and 
love  in  all  the  relations  of  life; 

4.  That  the  church  should  use  its  influence  and  power  to 
persuade  all  men,  and  especially  its  members,  to  oppose  injustice, 
wrong,  and  vice  in  all  forms,  and  to  lend  their  best  endeavors  to 
the  establishment  of  truth,  justice,  and  love  in  all  the  relations 
of  life; 

5.  That  the  church  may,  and  often  should,  use  the  sacred 
right  of  petition  to  the  civil  authorities  in  favor  of  the  passage 
and  execution  of  such  laws  as  will  help  to  overthrow  wrong, 
to  ameliorate  the  social  conditions,  and  to  encourage  right 
relations  between  all  classes. — Reformed  Church  in  the  United 
States. 

Social  Justice 

It  is  therefore  a  part  of  the  mission  of  the  church  to  pro- 
mote in  every  possible  way  the  cause  of  justice.  If  the  church 
would  be  true  to  its  Lord,  it  dare  not  keep  silence  when  the 
strong  oppress  the  weak  and  when  ruthless  tyrants  trample 
the  faces  of  the  helpless  in  the  dust.  If  the  modern  preacher 
is  seeking  for  models  of  courageous  speaking,  let  him  study  the 
utterances  of  the  Man  of  Nazareth.  We  dare  not  stop  to  ask 
what  it  may  cost  to  tell  the  truth  and  to  insist  upon  the  rule 
of  right. 

Social  service  has  its  roots  in  brotherhood.  The  social  con- 
sciousness grows  with  the  growth  of  the  fraternal  spirit.  If 
we  are  genuine  followers  of  Christ,  we  shall  regard  every 
human  being  as  a  child  of  God  and  our  brother.  The  dwellers 
in  the  overcrowded  tenement,  the  pallid  toilers  of  the  sweat- 
shop, these  are  our  brethren.  The  exiles  of  the  underworld, 
the  victims  of  unhallowed  passions,  the  morally  wrecked  and 
the  down-and-out,  these  are  our  brethren.  By  the  most  solemn 
obligations  that  heaven  lays  upon  us,  we  are  bound  to  wage 
relentless  warfare  upon  everything  that  proves  itself  the  enemy 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  213 

of  our  fellow  men.  If  we  have  the  spirit  of  Christ  we  cannot 
rest  content  so  long  as  oppression  and  injustice  reign  in  the 
economic  world.  Whatever  wrongs  there  may  be  in  our 
present  system,  it  is  ours  as  Christian  men  to  study  conscien- 
tiously and  to  labor  devotedly  to  remove  them. — United  Pres- 
byterian Brotherhood  Convention,  1912. 

That  there  should  be  equahty  of  opportunity  for  all  men  to 
secure  health,  education,  and  the  fullest  realization  of  life  is  an 
essential  principle  of  a  religion  which  teaches  the  brotherhood  of 
man.  As  long  as  a  religion  exists  which  teaches  man  to  love 
his  neighbor  as  himself  it  creates  an  irrepressible  conflict  with 
conditions  which  predispose  any  man  to  ignorance,  disease,  and 
immorality.  The  teachings  of  Jesus  demand  justice  between 
social  groups  as  well  as  between  individuals. — Methodist  Gen- 
eral Conference,   191 2. 

We  affirm  that  Christianity  has  largely  created  the  present 
demands  for  social  and  economic  justice,  and  for  a  larger 
realization  of  human  rights  and  duties.  But  for  the  presence 
of  Christian  ideals  in  the  world,  the  consciousness  of  such 
problems  as  are  above  mentioned  would  not  exist.  It  is  be- 
cause of  the  leavening  work  of  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  that 
men  discern  the  moral  issues  involved  in  economic  relations. 
Our  social  problems,  then,  exist  by  reason  of  the  operation  of 
the  fundamental  principles  of  Christianity,  and  the  Christian 
church  is  therefore  under  an  unmistakable  obligation  to  con- 
tribute to  their  solution. — Presbyterian  General  Assembly,  1910. 

The  moment  we  begin  to  consider  the  coming  of  the  King- 
dom on  earth,  we  are  confronted  with  the  problem  of  the 
relation  of  our  present  social  and  economic  conditions  to  the 
ideal  conditions  under  which  the  Kingdom  must  be  realized. 
A  growing  number  of  Christian  men  and  women  see  that  con- 
ditions, social  and  industrial,  which  obtain  to-day  are  not  com- 
patible with  the  realization  of  the  kingdom  of  God;  they  see 
with  increasing  clearness  that  these  conditions  do  not  tend  to 
the  physical,  mental,  and  spiritual  welfare  of  the  great  mass  of 
men  and  women.  Social  philosophies  and  movements  springing 
up  quite  part  from  the  church  are  advancing  more  and  more 
radical  solutions  of  the  problem  of  industry,  which  is  at  bottom 
a  problem  of  justice. 

It  is  patent  that  the  time  has  come  when  the  church  must 
face  this  issue;  if  she  is  to  stand  as  a  church  of  humanity,  she 
can  no  longer  afford  to  ignore  the  demand  or  the  challenge  of 


214    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

the  wage-earners.  This  is  no  mere  question  of  organized  labor 
or  of  unorganized  labor,  of  open  or  closed  shop,  of  wages  and 
conditions  of  employment.  It  is  a  question  of  the  attitude  of 
Christian  people  represented  in  the  church  toward  the  prob- 
lems of  the  toilers  in  our  cities,  towns,  and  villages.  If  the 
church  is  not  to  fail  in  her  duty  to  mankind,  she  must  demand 
justice  for  wage-earners,  and  so  much  reorganization  of  society 
and  industry  as  to  insure  that  justice. — Protestant  Episcopal 
General  Convention,  1913. 

Whereas:  The  moral  and  spiritual  welfare  of  the  people 
demand  that  the  highest  possible  standard  of  living  should  every- 
where be  maintained,  and  that  all  conduct  of  industry  should  em- 
phasize the  search  for  such  higher  and  humane  forms  and  organ- 
izations as  will  generally  elicit  the  personal  initiative  and  self- 
respect  of  the  workman,  and  give  him  a  definite  personal  stake  in 
the  system  of  production  to  which  his  life  is  given;  and 

Whereas:  The  most  disproportionate  inequality  and  glaring 
injustices,  as  well  as  misunderstandings,  prejudice,  and  usual 
hatred  as  between  employer  and  employee  are  widespread  in  our 
social  and  industrial  life  to-day;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  the  House  of  Bishops  concurring:  That  we,  the 
members  of  the  General  Convention  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  do  hereby  affirm  that  the  church  stands  for  the  ideal 
of  social  justice,  and  that  it  demands  the  achievement  of  a 
social  order  in  which  there  shall  be  a  more  suitable  distribution 
of  wealth,  in  which  the  social  cause  of  poverty  and  the  gross 
human  waste  of  the  present  order  shall  be  eliminated;  and  in 
which  every  worker  shall  have  a  just  return  for  that  which  he 
produces,  a  free  opportunity  for  self-development,  and  a  fair 
share  in  all  the  gains  of  progress.  And  since  such  a  social 
order  can  only  be  achieved  by  the  efforts  of  the  many  who,  in 
the  spirit  of  Christ,  put  the  common  welfare  above  personal 
gain,  the  church  calls  upon  every  communicant,  clerical  and 
lay,  seriously  to  take  part  and  to  study  the  complex  conditions 
under  which  we  are  called  upon  to  live,  and  so  to  act  that  the 
present  prejudice,  hate,  and  injustice  may  be  supplanted  by 
mutual  understanding,  sympathy,  and  just  feeling,  and  the  ideal 
of  thorough  democracy  may  finally  be  realized  in  our  land. — 
Protestant  Episcopal  General  Convention,  1913. 

If  the  effort  and  experience  of  the  Joint  Commission  during 
the  past  three  years  have  meant  anything,  they  have  meant  the 
gradual  enlightenment  of  the  church's  constituency  with  regard 


The  Voice  of  the  Ctturches  215 

to  the  nature  of  the  social  problem  as  a  whole.  Specific  measures 
of  amelioration  are  and  will  ever  be  necessary.  Phases  of 
social  reform  must  always  occupy  the  attention  of  the  church, 
whether  as  a  national  entity  or  through  its  local  units,  if  it 
would  be  true  to  the  genius  of  the  gospel.  Yet  not  in  housing 
reform,  nor  in  provision  for  wholesome  recreation,  nor  in 
warfare  against  disease,  nor  in  the  fight  for  better  conditions  of 
labor,  reasonable  hours,  and  adequate  wages — not  in  any  or  all 
of  these  does  the  problem  really  consist,  but  rather  in  giving 
to  every  man,  woman,  and  child  equal  opportunity  with  every 
other  man.  woman,  and  child  for  the  development  of  personality, 
to  the  end  that  each  may  take  the  place  due  to  each  in  the 
world  and  its  legitimate  activities.  In  short,  the  fundamental 
issue  is  not  social  amelioration  but  social  reconstruction.  The 
ultimate  reinterpretation  of  democracy  and  Christianity  in  terms 
one  of  the  other  is  really  the  task  before  the  church  of  God. 
Social  service  cannot  be  conceived  as  a  paternalistic  eflFort  on 
the  part  of  the  more  favored  for  the  benefit  of  the  less  favored, 
but  as  a  fraternalistic  common  endeavor  toward  the  achieve- 
ment of  human  brotherhood  and  equality  of  opportunity  for  self- 
development,  physical,  mental,  and  spiritual.  To  this  new  cru- 
sade is  summoned  every  member  of  the  Christian  church  who 
would  not  be  faithless  to  his  high  calling. — From  ''Social  Service 
and  the  Episcopal  Church" 

In  a  righteous  economic  order  all  who  work  with  hand  and 
brain  must  have  the  full  reward  for  their  work,  as  nearly  as 
the  best  economic  intelligence  can  apportion  it.  But  if  the 
proceeds  of  labor  are  to  go  to  those  who  created  them,  they 
must  not  be  drained  away  in  other  directions.  Some  forms  of 
profit  to-day  are  so  enormous  that  they  ofifend  all  sense  of 
fairness,  and  those  who  receive  them  resort  to  devious  devices 
to  mislead  the  public  as  to  the  size  and  source  of  their  profit. 
There  has  never  been  an  economic  order  in  which  the  few 
have  not  wrested  the  fruit  of  their  toil  from  the  workers  under 
the  protection  of  law  and  custom,  and  in  so  far  as  that  was 
done  the  social  order  of  past  ages  was  not  the  reign  of  God. 
but  the  reign  of  mammonism  and  oppression.  The  course  of 
past  history  and  the  tremendous  inequality  of  incomes  to-day 
together  raise  the  presumption  that  many  receive  far  less  than 
they  earn  because  many  receive  far  more  than  they  earn.  The 
most  fundamental  form  of  social  service  is  to  put  a  stop  to 
unearned  profits.  No  other  sin  is  so  sternly  denounced  by  the 
Old  Testament  prophets  as  injustice  and  oppression.    No  form 


216    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

of  ministry  has  brought  so  much  suffering  on  the  prophets 
of  God  in  all  ages  as  the  protest  against  social  injustice  and 
extortion.  We  cannot  evade  the  duty  to-day  unless  we  want 
to  heal  the  hurt  of  our  people  lightly  and  say,  "Peace,  peace," 
when  there  is  no  peace. — Social  Service  Message,  Men  and 
Religion  Movement. 

Social  Service  Ideals : 

Every  child  has  the  right  to  be  well  born,  well  nourished, 
and  well  protected. 

Every  child  has  the  right  to  play  and  to  be  a  child. 

Every  child  is  entitled  to  such  an  education  as  shall  fit  it  for' 
life  and  usefulness. 

Every  life  is  entitled  to  a  sanitary  home,  pure  air,  and  pure 
water. 

Every  life  is  entitled  to  such  conditions  as  shall  enable  it  to 
grow  up  tall  and  straight  and  clean  and  pure. 

Every  life  is  entitled  to  a  place  in  society,  a  good  opportunity 
in  life,  and  a  fair  equity  in  the  common  heritage. 

The  resources  of  the  earth  being  the  heritage  of  the  people, 
should  not  be  monopolized  by  the  few  to  the  disadvantage  of 
the  many. 

The  stewardship  of  property  requires  that  all  property  held 
be  supervised,  moralized,  and  spiritualized. 

Work  should  be  done  under  proper  conditions  with  respect  to 
hours,  wages,  health,  management,  and  morals. 

Every  worker  should  have  one  day's  rest  in  seven  and  reason- 
able time  for  recreation  and  family  life. 

Women  who  toil  should  receive  equal  pay  with  men  for 
equal  work. 

Widowed  mothers  with  dependent  children  should  be  relieved 
from  the  necessity  of  exhausting  toil. 

Employers  and  employees  are  partners  in  industry,  and  should 
share  as  partners  in  the  enterprise. 

Suitable  provision  should  be  made  for  the  old  age  of  workers 
and  for  those  incapacitated  by  injury  and  sickness. 

Income  received  and  benefits  enjoyed  should  hold  a  direct 
relation  to  service  rendered. 

The  state  which  punishes  vice  should  remove  the  causes  which 
make  men  vicious. 

The  bond  of  brotherhood  is  the  final  and  fundamental  fact, 
and  men  are  called  to  organize  all  life— ecclesiastical,  civic,  social, 
industrial— on  the  basis  of  brotherhood. 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  217 

The  help  should  be  greatest  where  the  need  is  sorest. 
What  the  few  now  are  the  many  may  become. — (Northern) 
Baptist  Social  Service  Commission. 

Civic  Action 

It  goes  without  saying  that  much  of  what  we  call  social 
service  ought  not  to  be  necessary.  It  may  seem  a  derogation 
from  the  spiritual  mission  of  the  church  to  engage  in  the 
efforts  to  insure  the  justice,  the  better  conditions  of  life  and 
work,  the  wide  opportunity  for  individual  and  social  develop- 
ment, which  it  is  the  desire  of  voluntary  social  agencies  to  bring 
about.  But  until  actual  provision  is  made  by  the  state  or  other 
agencies  for  the  prevention  of  the  evils  and  the  meeting  of 
the  needs  which  are  helping  to  produce  the  social  unrest  of 
our  day,  the  church  must  stand  by  the  work,  just  as  in  former 
ages  she  stood  by  the  almsgiving  and  the  ministration  to  indi- 
viduals, which  have  resulted  in  so  many  functions  of  our  present 
government — hospitals,  almshouses,  schools,  and  the  like.  When 
government  or  other  agencies  shall  have  assumed  the  new 
obligations  which  new  social  and  economic  conditions  are  forcing 
on  us,  then  the  church  may  relinquish  her  share  in  the  work 
and  press  on  to  some  other  worthy  task.  But  service  of  some 
sort  must  always  be  a  part  of  her  divine  mission,  whether  that 
service  be  individual  or  social,  whether  it  be  the  service  de- 
manded by  conditions  or  problems  past,  present,  or  future. 
Herein  is  the  summons  to  social  service  on  the  part  of  the 
individual  parish,  without  whose  support  the  efforts  of  diocesan 
or  national  social  service  agencies  must,  as  indicated  at  the 
outset,  be  largely  futile. — Protestant  Episcopal  Joint  Commis- 
sion, 19 1 3. 

It  ought  not  to  be  necessary  for  the  church  to  resort  to 
legislation  for  social  uplift.  It  may  be  better  obtained  by  an- 
other process.  Should  this  Commission  be  obliged,  for  ex- 
ample, during  this  next  quadrennium,  to  wend  its  way  among 
the  forty-eight  states  of  this  Union,  to  get  bills  passed  in 
their  legislatures  requiring  that  men  should  have  one  day's  rest 
in  seven? 

May  not  the  employers  of  labor  and  the  general  business 
interests  of  this  nation  unite  to  the  end  that  in  every  calling 
and  industry  the  seven-day  week  shall  be  abolished? — 

The  Christian  church  has  thus  the  threefold  vocation  of 
conscience,  interpreter,  and  guide  of  all  social  movements.     She 


218    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

should  determine  what  their  motive  and  conscience  should  be, 
inspire  them  with  that  motive,  and  impose  that  conscience  upon 
them.  She  should  interpret  to  them  their  inner  and  ultimate 
meaning;  then,  with  a  powerful  mind  and  hand  and  heart,  guide 
them  toward  their  heavenly  goal.  Her  view-point  is  from 
above;  she  approaches  life  from  within;  she  guides  it  toward 
its  spiritual  ends. 

Nor  is  the  church  called  upon  to  assume  the  political  tasks 
or  duties  of  the  nation.  The  church  is  to  do  her  work  in  the 
social  order  by  bringing  to  bear  upon  it  the  idealism  of  her 
gospel  and  by  infusing  it  with  the  impulse  of  her  sympathy. 
The  business  of  the  state  is  to  bring  about  such  economic 
conditions  and  environment  that  the  idealism  of  the  gospel 
may  have  as  clear  and  fair  a  field  as  possible.  It  is  this  that 
justifies  the  church,  not  in  entangling  herself  in  economic 
machinery,  but  in  turning  to  the  state  for  a  cooperation  which 
will  enable  her  to  do  her  sacred  task. — Federal  Council  of 
Churches,  1912. 

If  the  church  is  to  cooperate  effectively  in  this  movement 
for  social  progress,  it  is  essential  that  individual  Christians  be- 
come more  effective  as  citizens.  They  must  keep  close  watch 
upon  their  representatives,  constantly  send  to  them  individual 
and  united  expressions  of  opinions  concerning  pending  legisla- 
tion, and  hold  them  to  strict  account.  When  we  realize  that  re- 
ligion must  have  a  civic  as  well  as  an  individual  expression, 
that  the  state  must  be  the  will  of  man  organized  to  do  the  will 
of  God,  then  the  social  program  of  Christianity  can  be  carried 
out. — Methodist  Episcopal  General  Conference,  igi2. 

We  are  learning  that  human  government  is  of  divine  origin, 
and  that  "the  powers  that  be"  are  ordained  of  God  for  the 
punishment  of  evil-doers  and  the  praise  of  them  that  do  well. 
Official  position  was  not  intended  by  God  to  be  a  "football  for 
politicians  to  kick  around,  but  a  vehicle  through  which  divine 
force  was  to  be  executed,  in  order  to  bring  in  the  reign  of 
righteousness  on  the  earth."  The  Christian  of  to-day  cannot 
be  indifferent  to  this  divine  institution  and  still  be  true  to  God. 
It  is  a  great  and  open  door  to  service,  and  the  indifference  of 
the  best  is  the  opportunity  for  the  worst.  The  day  has  come 
when  philanthropy  must  join  hands  with  officialdom  in  chaining 
up  the  devil  through  the  enactment  of  good  laws,  that  will  be 
properly  enforced  by  righteous  servants  of  the  people. — Report 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  219 

of  the  Temperance  and  Moral  Reform  Dept.,  Methodist  Church 
of  Canada,   1911-12. 

There  are  several  facts  which  we  believe  are  demanding 
careful  consideration  on  the  part  of  Christian  people,  and  no 
less  judicious  leadership  on  the  part  of  the  church. 

The  church  is  not  called  to  do  the  work  of  the  school  or 
the  state,  but  the  church  is  called  to  inspire  men  and  women 
to  do  their  full  work  as  citizens,  and  to  train  them  in  the 
methods  of  fruitful  and  efficient  service. 

In  emphasizing  the  importance  and  obligations  of  social  service, 
we  are  not  seeking  to  divert  the  church  from  her  true  and 
highest  mission.  We  are  rather  seeking  to  indicate  ways  whereby 
the  church  may  moralize  some  of  the  great  wastes  of  our  social 
life,  and  may  translate  the  ideal  of  Christ  into  terms  of  social 
blessing.  The  Christian  church  is  called  to  lead  the  social  faitli 
of  the  world.  Christian  men  are  called  to  make  the  social, 
political,  and  economic  order  of  the  world  the  outward  and 
visible  expression  of  the  Christian  ideal  and  the  spiritual  life. 
In  a  word,  Christian  men  are  called  to  build  a  Christian  com- 
munity. Christianity  will  not  have  its  perfect  work  until  it  is 
realized  in  a  Christian  society. 

The  mission  of  the  church  is  a  high  and  holy  one,  and  the 
function  of  the  church  is  a  great  and  glorious  one.  The  mis- 
sion and  function  of  the  church  were  never  more  necessary 
than  now,  when  so  many  lower  ideals  and  partial  gospels  are 
being  preached.  The  prevalence  of  an  unchristian  socialism 
would  be  an  unparalleled  calamity  to  the  human  race,  but  the 
prevalence  of  an  unsocial  Christianity  would  be  no  less  an 
utter  denial  of  the  kingdom  of  God. 

At  this  time  many  men  and  many  agencies  are  preaching 
various  doctrines  and  offering  certain  programs  of  social  ad- 
vance. It  is  not  for  us  to  criticise  those  men  and  programs. 
We  bid  every  one  Godspeed  who  in  an  honest  and  good  heart 
is  seeking  to  correct  any  abuse  and  help  a  single  soul;  and 
we  do  this,  though  we  find  their  programs  inadequate,  and  they 
follow  not  with  us.  Nevertheless,  Christian  men  who  find 
those  other  gospels  inadequate  and  their  programs  meager 
have  a  definite  and  solemn  responsibility  just  here.  That  is 
a  double  reason  why  Christian  men,  with  their  truer  ideal, 
their  larger  faith,  and  their  divine  dynamic,  should  hold  aloft 
the  Christian  ideals,  should  infuse  the  religious  spirit  into 
efforts  for  social  betterment,  and  should  lead  the  social  faith 


220    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

of  the  world.  No  more  urgent  task  is  upon  the  church  than 
this, — to  infuse  the  religious  spirit  into  social  work,  and  to 
show  that  social  work  is  fully  religious. 

The  artificial  distinction  between  the  sacred  and  the  secular 
has  been  gradually  fading  out,  leaving  only  a  more  clearly 
and  firmly  drawn  line  between  the  right  and  the  wrong.  The 
main  aspects  of  political  duty  and  privilege  have  been  lifted 
into  a  new  dignity  on  the  one  hand,  and  on  the  other  hand 
the  movement  toward  a  genuine  democracy  has  come  to  be 
regarded  as  the  functioning  of  the  Divine  Spirit  in  modern 
organized  life. 

The  breaking  down  of  moral  standards  in  civic  action  in 
many  quarters,  under  the  pressure  of  organized  interests  intent 
upon  selfish  ends,  makes  the  duty  of  the  Christian  church  to 
inspire  and  reenforce  the  popular  will  at  these  points  the  more 
imperative. — 

The  church  can  show  itself  wisely  sympathetic  with  the 
whole  growing  movement  toward  a  more  complete  and  efficient 
democracy.  The  salvation  of  the  people  can  be  achieved  only 
as  they  work  at  it  themselves  with  fear  and  trembling,  with 
many  a  blunder  and  many  a  failure,  proving  all  things  to  the 
end  that  they  may  hold  fast  that  which  is  good.  And  the 
church,  knowing  that  God,  whose  tabernacle  is  with  men,  is 
working  in  this  movement  to  accomplish  his  good  pleasure, 
will  show  its  interest  by  furnishing  ample  supplies  of  inspira- 
tion and  of  moral  leadership.  It  can  show  itself  supremely  moral 
and  able  to  save  souls  only  as  it  lends  a  hand  in  the  solution 
of  these  vaster  problems. — Social  Service  Message,  Men  and 
Religion  Movement. 

Magnifying  Citizenship : 

There  is  no  ideal  which  the  social  service  propaganda  should 
more  vigorously  develop  than  this.  There  is  constant  danger  that 
in  reaching  out  into  social  activity  the  church  shall  commit  one 
of  two  blunders :  either  it  will  duplicate  agencies  already  main- 
tained under  public  auspices,  or  else  it  will  draw  ofi:  energies  for 
inefficient  church  activities  which  should  be  directed  toward 
the  buttressing  of  community  government,  political  righteousness, 
and  the  discharge  by  the  state  of  its  full  duty  to  the  life  of  the 
people.  The  American  experiment  of  the  separation  of  church 
and  state  was  an  innovation  in  the  history  of  human  society. 
No  other  large  community  had  undertaken  the  program  upon 
which  the  fathers  started  our  American  society.     Now  that  the 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  221 

state  is  concerning  itself  so  vitally  with  many  of  the  social 
and  even  moral  and  spiritual  needs  of  the  people,  v^^hile  on  the 
other  hand  the  cluirch  is  awakening  to  the  spiritual  significance 
of  the  whole  social  life  of  the  people,  the  program  of  the 
fathers  of  the  Republic  at  least  calls  for  a  new  scrutiny.  The 
proper  adjustment  of  the  relations  of  church  and  state  will  prove 
one  of  the  most  important  problems  of  the  future.  The  lack  of 
intelligent  discussion  on  the  platform  and  in  current  literature  is 
a  phenomenon  of  the  times  which  must  not  longer  pass  un- 
noticed. The  old  conception  of  a  free  church  in  a  free  state, 
each  operating  in  its  own  realm,  and  the  realms  esteemed  to  be 
mutually  independent,  can  no  longer  satisfy.  A  new  theory  and 
a  new  harmony  of  relationship  must  soon  take  its  place. — From 
"Home  Mission  Method/'  Presbyterian  Church  (Northern). 

Capital 
We  especially  commend  all  those  employers,  whether  indi- 
viduals or  corporations,  who,  in  the  conduct  of  their  business, 
have  exhibited  a  fraternal  spirit  and  a  disposition  to  deal  justly 
and  humanely  with  their  employees — particularly  as  to  wages, 
profit  sharing  and  "welfare  work,"  hours  of  labor,  hygienic 
conditions  of  toil,  protection  against  accidents,  and  willingness 
to  submit  differences  to  arbitration.  We  recognize  the  per- 
plexities that  arise  in  great  industrial  operations,  and  sympathize 
with  those  who,  while  carrying  these  burdens,  are  yet  striving 
to  fulfil  consistently  the  law  of  Christ. — Methodist  Episcopal 
General  Conference,  1908. 

We  live  in  an  age  in  which  the  vast  enterprises  essential 
to  the  progress  of  the  world  require  the  association  of  men 
of  large  means  under  corporate  management.  Out  of  this 
necessity  have  grown  serious  wrongs  and  consequent  resistance. 

Organized  capital  stands  indicted  at  the  bar  of  public  judg- 
ment for  the  gravest  crimes  against  the  common  welfare. 
Among  the  counts  in  that  indictment  are  such  as  these : 

Conspiring  to  advance  prices  on  the  staple  commodities  in- 
dispensable to  the  life,  well-being,  and  progress  of  the  people. 

Resorting  to  adulteration  of  foods,  fabrics,  and  materials 
in  order  to  increase  profits  already  excessive. 

Destroying  the  competition  in  trade  through  which  relief 
might  be  expected  under  normal  conditions. 

Suborning  legislation,  and  thus  robbing  the  people  of  the 
first  orderly  recourse  of  the  weak  against  the  strong. 

These    are    sins    against    humanity.      If    God    hates    any    sin 


222    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

above  another,  it  must  be  the  robbery  of  the  poor  and  de- 
fenseless. Otherwise  his  love  fails  where  it  is  most  needed 
and  might  find  its  largest  opportunity.  There  is  no  betrayal 
more  base  than  that  which  uses  the  hospitality  of  a  house 
to  plunder  its  inmates,  unless  it  be  that  form  of  treason  which 
so  perverts  the  purpose  and  machinery  of  popular  government 
as  to  turn  its  power  against  the  people  who  trust  and  sup- 
port it.  This  is  not  saying  that  all  corporations  deal  treach- 
erously with  the  people.  There  are  honorable  exceptions.  But 
enough  is  known  of  the  heartless  greed  that  fattens  off  of 
the  hunger-driven  millions  to  warrant  the  strongest  protective 
associations  on  the  part  of  the  people. — Methodist  Episcopal 
Board  of  Bishops,  1912. 

We  regard  with  the  greatest  satisfaction  the  effort  of  those 
employers,  individual  and  corporate,  who  have  shown  in  the 
conduct  of  their  business  a  fraternal  spirit  and  a  disposition 
to  deal  justly  and  humanely  with  their  employees  as  to  wages, 
profit  sharing,  welfare  work,  protection  against  accidents,  sani- 
tary conditions  of  toil,  and  readiness  to  submit  differences  to 
arbitration. — Federal  Council  of  Churches,  1908. 

More  distinctly  do  men  discern  that  mere  power  does  not 
confer  a  moral  title  to  reward.  That  powerful  interests  have 
not  ceased  to  take  toll  of  our  labor,  to  levy  tribute  on  the 
people,  to  exercise  a  taxing  power  without  authority,  and  that 
they  are  thereby  continuing  to  amass  the  wealth  of  the  nation 
in  dangerous  aggregations,  there  is  common  consent. 

That  a  large  part  of  this  is  in  the  nature  of  extortion,  that 
it  is,  in  too  large  measure,  the  cause  of  poverty  and  of  many 
of  the  evils  against  which  we  cry  aloud,  that  if  we  evade  it, 
we  are  still  trying  to  cure  effects  without  touching  causes,  and 
are  seeking  to  ensure  moral  evolution  without  taking  account 
of  resident  forces,  are  matters  of  public  conscience. 

We  record,  with  deep  regret,  the  increasing  prodigality  upon 
the  part  of  irresponsible  men  and  women  who  have  come  into 
large  possessions,  and  we  would  point  out  the  clear  and  inti- 
mate relation  between  a  reckless  and  ostentatious  display  of 
wealth  and  the  revolutionary  and  defiant  demeanor  of  the 
multitudes  who  feel,  whether  rightly  or  wrongly,  that  it  is 
made  at  their  expense.  We  should  deplore  the  defiance  of 
sobriety  and  order  on  the  part  of  every  element  of  ht^man 
society,  and  should  fix  the  blame  on  the  one  when  it  is  clearly 
the  cause  of  which  the  other  is  the  effect. — 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  223 

upon  those  whose  incomes  are  derived  from  their  hold- 
ings in  mill  and  mine  we  urge  the  social  danger  of  absentee 
ownership  and  its  grave  abuses,  and  we  plead  the  full  law 
of  human  responsibility,  reminding  them  that,  in  the  twenty- 
fifth  chapter  of  Matthew,  Jesus's  judgment  was  pronounced  on 
men  and  women  for  the  things  they  did  not  do. 

The  difficulties  are  perplexing,  but  they  should  neither  lead 
us  to  indifference  nor  to  embrace  unavailing  phantoms. 

We  heartily  commend  those  stockholders  of  great  corpo- 
rations who  courageously  have  sought  relief  through  the  light  of 
publicity. 

We  would  remind  those  to  whom  affluence  has  come,  whether 
by  righteous  or  unrighteous  means,  that  the  tendency  of  our 
day  upon  the  part  of  the  great  masses  of  the  people  to  look  to 
revolution  rather  than  to  the  process  of  evolution,  for  their 
uplifting,  is  largely  caused  by  the  way  in  which  so  many  of 
the  rich  flaunt  their  riches  in  the  very  face  of  the  poor  and 
emphasize  the  wide  gulf  between  Dives  at  his  table  and  Lazarus 
at  the  gate,  and  to  such  we  commend  the  teachings  of  Jesus 
upon  the  productive  use  of  wealth. — 

There  is  no  finer  opportunity  for  service  in  our  day  than 
is  before  those  men  to  whom  has  been  committed  the  direc- 
tion of  these  great  interests,  calling  for  clear  heads  and  sympa- 
thetic spirit,  and  to  these  saving  elements  it  is  becoming  clear, 
as  it  is  to  those  not  so  close  to  the  situation,  that  we  may  take 
our  choice  between  legitimate  and  wisely  guided  democratic 
organization,  as  a  conserving,  constructive,  evolutionary  agency, 
mingling  at  least  light  with  heat,  serving  not  only  to  incite 
but  also  to  restrain;  our  choice  between  this  and  the  anomaly 
of  unregulated  riot  in  the  very  cause  of  justice.  For  revolution 
is  here,  not  as  a  vague  and  idle  threat,  but  as  a  stern  reality. 
So  much  for  the  long-sown  seeds  of  our  neglect. 

Instead  of  solidarity  and  communal  action  for  the  uplift  of 
the  people,  we  may  have  mankind  destroying  the  plague  of 
injustice  by  burning  down  its  own  house,  and  meeting  social 
wrongs  by   social  wrong. 

The  scene  is  shifting.  The  masses  of  the  people  are  divided 
among  themselves,  and  this  imminent  social  crisis  will  give 
the  church  the  sovereign  opportunity  of  all  her  history  to 
establish  peace  with  the  administering  hand  of  justice.  She  is 
called  now  to  be  the  leader  of  leaders  of  a  bewildered  democracy. 
— Federal  Council  of  Churches,  1912. 


224    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

We  have  confidence,  therefore,  to  bear  a  special  message 
to  our  chambers  of  commerce  and  our  associations  of  business 
men  and  industrial  directors. 

We  ask  them  to  adopt  openly  and  make  their  own  our  social 
platform  and  all  its  implications.  We  express  the  profound 
belief  that  the  time  has  come  when  these  organizations  must 
earnestly  and  sympathetically  make  the  problems  of  the  workers 
and  the  people  their  problems. 

We  remind  them  that  they  have  a  tremendous  power,  which, 
if  rightly  used,  could  solve  the  problems  of  society,  that  the 
great  multitude  of  evils  with  which  the  church  is  called  upon 
to  contend — the  social  evil,  the  problems  of  the  welfare  of 
the  child  and  the  conservation  of  womanhood — are  largely 
commercial,  are  all  problems  of  industry  and  business,  and  should 
not  only  be  questions  of  moment  on  the  part  of  the  church 
and  the  organizations  of  social  reform,  but  matters  of  concern 
upon  the  part  of  our  business  interests,  both  as  composed  of 
individual  Christian  men  and  as  organizations. — Federal  Council 
of  Churches,  1912. 

It  is  possible  that  some  men  may  come  to  think  of  social 
service  as  something  separate  from  and  additional  to  their 
business  life — something  to  be  done  on  Sundays,  or  in  the 
evenings,  or  by  committee  meetings  at  lunch  time. 

But  as  a  matter  of  fact  a  man's  business  must  itself  be 
his  great  Christian  service.  If  in  and  through  his  business  he 
is  not  helping  to  build  the  kingdom  of  God,  there  is  no  way 
in  which  he  can  make  his  life  Christian  by  additional  and 
different  activities  in  his  spare  hours.  Money  made  by  unjust 
or  harsh  methods  cannot  be  made  clean  money  by  being  put 
into  the  plate  on  Sunday;  and  a  life  of  unchristian  rivalry 
in  business  hours  cannot  be  turned  into  a  Christian  life,  by 
gentle  or  even  pious  conduct  after  business  is  over.  A  Christian 
life  is  a  life  devoted  all  day  and  every  day  to  the  good  of 
the  human  family,  of  which  we  are  members,  and  all  the 
great  staple  forms  of  industry  and  commerce,  inasmuch  as 
they  are  socially  necessary,  can  be  truly  regarded  as  social 
service  of  the  purest  and  highest  kind,  if  only  they  be  con- 
ducted in  accordance  with  this  great  Christian  principle  that 
the   family  must  be  thought  of  first  and  self  only  second. — 

The  duty  of  creating  a  righteous  economic  order  is  upon 
us  all,  on  the  employers,  the  workers,  and  the  public,  on  each 
according    to    the    power    he    holds.      Since    organized    capital 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  225 

undoubtedly  holds  the  predominant  power  in  modern  industry, 
the  chief  responsibility  must  fall  on  the  business  men  of  the 
nation.  They  must  use  whatever  initiative  their  business  con- 
ditions give  them  to  establish  wholesome  and  friendly  relations 
with  their  employees.  As  the  great  corporations  emerge  from 
the  reign  of  competition  into  financial  security,  they  must  de- 
vote a  far  greater  part  of  their  attention  and  of  their  means 
to  the  welfare  of  the  great  armies  of  men  whose  life  and 
labor  is  their  most  important  asset. — Social  Service  Message, 
Men  and  Religion  Movement. 

Now  the  chief  form  of  every-day  activity — business — has  ob- 
viously a  distinct  social  value  and  significance.  The  cry  of  the 
social  reformer,  even  of  the  industrial  revolutionist,  is  not 
against  business  per  se,  but  against  the  abuses  in  which  the 
conduct  of  so-called  "private"  business  for  personal  profit  has 
increasingly  resulted.  Private  business  as  such  does  not  exist; 
just  as  no  one  can  live  to  himself  alone,  so  no  man  can  work  to 
himself  alone.  The  way  in  which  one's  business  is  conducted  is 
of  the  utmost  social  import.  Here  falls  the  real  ictus  of  our 
modern  plea  for  industrial  reconstruction.  Business  must  be 
conducted  for  the  common  good,  if  need  be  under  the  control  and 
effective  direction  of  the  rank  and  file  of  the  workers.  This  is 
the  ultimate  meaning  of  the  movement  for  industrial  democracy. 

Business,  in  other  words,  is  the  great  way  of  social  service. 
Without  organized  industry,  it  is  a  truism  to  say,  the  collective 
life  of  the  world  would  halt  instanter.  The  layman  in  business, 
therefore,  has  a  distinct  opportunity  to  serve  his  fellows.  In 
the  first  place,  he  must  see  to  it  that,  so  far  as  he  is  personally 
responsible,  the  conditions  and  hours  of  employment  of  his 
workers  and  their  remuneration  are  such  as  to  insure  a  fair 
chance  for  self-respecting  life  on  their  part  and  that  of  their 
families.  The  private  business  which  does  not  take  measures 
to  this  end  is  not  only  unsocial  but  antisocial. 

In  the  second  place,  the  layman  in  business  must  see  to 
it  that  the  character  of  his  product  is  not  inimical  to  the  social 
welfare,  immediate  or  ultimate.  Much  so-called  business  of 
to-day  is  illegitimate.  The  manufacture  of  many  patent  medi- 
cines, nostrums,  quack  remedies,  as  well  as  of  shoddy  clothing, 
defective  building  material,  not  to  mention  slipshod  and  dis- 
honest work  in  the  construction  of  tenement  houses  or  public 
buildings  or  places  of  amusement  are  all  here  involved.  If  the 
layman   in   business   replies   that   these   things   are   beyond   his 


226    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

individual  control,  he  is  in  so  far  right.  This,  however,  does  not 
release  him  from  responsibility.  Things  beyond  individual  con- 
trol are  within  collective  control.  The  task,  therefore,  before 
the  Christian  in  business  who  finds  that  his  business  is  not  work- 
ing out  to  the  well-being  of  his  employees  or  to  the  social  whole 
of  which  he  forms  only  a  part,  is  the  duty  of  combining  with 
others  like-minded  for  the  purpose  of  effecting  a  readjustment 
or  reconstruction  adequate  to  secure  beneficent  social  results. 
— From  "The  Layman's  Opportunity  for  Social  Service"  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Church,  1915. 

Labor 

We  cordially  declare  our  fraternal  interest  in  the  aspira- 
tions of  the  laboring  classes,  and  our  desire  to  assist  them 
in  the  righting  of  every  wrong  and  the  attainment  of  their 
highest  well-being.  We  recognize  that  the  fundamental  pur- 
poses of  the  labor  movement  are  essentially  ethical,  and  there- 
fore should  command  the  support  of  Christian  men.  We  recog- 
nize further  that  the  organization  of  labor  is  not  only  the 
right  of  the  laborers  and  conducive  to  their  welfare,  but  is 
incidentally  of  great  benefit  to  society  at  large,  in  the  securing 
of  better  conditions  of  work  and  life,  in  its  educational  influence 
upon  the  great  multitudes  concerned,  and  particularly  in  the 
Americanization  of  our  immigrant  population.  While  we  cor- 
dially appreciate  the  social  service  rendered  the  community  by 
captains  of  industry  in  maintaining  large  business,  affording 
employment  to  hundreds,  and  by  their  products  serving  the  needs 
of  their  fellow  men,  yet  our  primary  interest  in  the  industrial 
problem  is  with  that  great  number  who,  by  their  conditions  of 
toil,  cannot  share  adequately  in  the  highest  benefits  of  our 
civilization.  Their  efforts  to  improve  their  conditions  should 
receive  our  heartiest  cooperation,  as  must  all  similar  effort  on 
the  part  of  employers  or  disinterested  organizations. — Methodist 
Episcopal  General  Conference,  1908. 

We  therefore  declare  our  approval  of  labor  organizations 
and  other  defensive  alliances  of  all  whose  interests  are  threat- 
ened or  invaded.  Such  united  and  unified  action  is  their  only 
recourse  under  present  conditions.  At  the  same  time  we  can- 
not ignore  the  fact  that  organized  labor  also  faces  public 
judgment  on  the  charge  of  lawless  rioting,  violence,  and  even 
murder,  in  its  efforts  to  enforce  its  decrees,  and  that  its  rules 
seem   unfairly   to   affect   apprenticeship   and   abridge   the   right 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  227 

of  non-union  men  to  learn  what  trade  they  will,  and  to  dis- 
pose of  their  own  services  as  they  choose.  We  would  admonish 
our  people  who  are  members  of  labor  unions  that  no  circum- 
stances short  of  personal  peril  under  dangerous  assault  can 
justify  violent  or  lawless  methods  in  seeking  relief  from  hard 
conditions.  Nor  should  any  Christian  deny  to  another  person 
the  right  of  individual  choice  in  the  disposal  of  his  own 
services.  Principles  are  greater  than  present  personal  exigencies, 
and  no  man  can  afford  to  violate  the  principle  under  which  he 
himself  claims  protection.  The  same  is  true  of  a  church  or  any 
other  institution.  We  regard  the  use  of  the  "blacklist"  and 
the  "boycott"  as  of  the  nature  of  conspiracy  against  the  rights 
of  individual  judgment  and  conscience,  and  un-American  in 
principle  and  extremely  dangerous  in  tendency. — Methodist  Epis- 
copal Board  of  Bishops,  1912. 

We  record  our  admiration  for  such  labor  organizations  as 
have  under  wise  leadership  throughout  many  years,  by  patient 
cultivation  of  just  feelings  and  temperate  views  among  their 
members,  raised  the  efficiency  of  service,  set  the  example  of 
calmness  and  self-restraint  in  conference  with  employers,  and 
promoted  the  welfare  not  only  of  the  men  of  their  own  craft 
but  of  the  entire  body  of  working  men. 

In  such  organizations  is  the  proof  that  the  fundamental 
purposes  of  the  labor  movement  are  ethical.  In  them  great 
numbers  of  men  of  all  nationalities  and  origins  are  being  com- 
pacted in  fellowship,  trained  in  mutual  respect,  and  disciplined 
in  virtues  which  belong  to  right  character  and  are  at  the 
basis  of  good  citizenship.  By  them  society  at  large  is  bene- 
fited in  securing  better  conditions  of  work,  in  the  American- 
ization of  our  immigrant  population,  and  in  the  educational 
influence  of  the  multitudes  who  in  the  labor  unions  find  their 
chief,  sometimes  their  only,  intellectual  stimulus. — 

That  working  men  should  organize  for  social  and  industrial 
betterment  belongs  to  the  natural  order.  The  effort  of  the 
world's  toilers  to  secure  better  conditions  of  work  and  larger 
possession  for  themselves  is  welcome  evidence  of  a  Divine 
call  within  them  to  share  in  the  higher  experiences  of  the  in- 
tellectual and  spiritual  life.  It  is  their  right,  as  it  is  the  right 
of  men  everywhere,  within  the  law,  to  combine  for  common 
ends.  Both  church  and  society  should  cease  to  talk  of  "con- 
ceding" this  right.  It  exists  in  the  nature  of  things.  We  do 
not  confer  it.     But  we  welcome  its  exercise.     "The  vast  multi- 


228    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

tudes  of  working  people  have  a  vital  share  in  reshaping  the  moral 
standards  of  the  time.  They  are  at  heart  profoundly  moral 
in  their  ideas  and  desires.  Their  demands  are  an  influence 
upon  the  conscience  of  the  nation."  Despite  the  errors  of 
individuals  and  groups,  the  faults  of  spirit,  the  imperfection 
of  methods,  and,  in  some  instances,  most  deplorable  results, 
organized  labor  is  to  be  regarded  as  an  influence  not  hostile  to 
our  institutions,  but  potent  in  beneficence.  When  guided  from 
within  by  men  of  far  sight  and  fair  spirit,  and  guarded  from 
without  by  restrictions  of  law  and  of  custom  against  the  en- 
thusiasms which  work  injustice,  the  self-interest  which  ignores 
the  outsider,  or  the  practices  which  create  industrial  havoc, 
trades  unionism  should  be  accepted,  not  as  the  church's  enemy, 
but  as  the  church's  ally.  The  church  believes  in  the  gospel  of 
Christ  as  a  reality  in  this  world,  to  be  realized  by  the  further- 
ance of  social  justice;  it  may  not  adopt  as  final  well-advertised 
panaceas,  but  it  intends  to  study  and  understand  fully  the 
situation.  "It  is  not  content  with  announcing  abstract  prin- 
ciples, but  means  to  work  definitely  and  steadily  toward  the 
translation  of  these  into  concrete  conduct."  In  this  theory  of 
its  mission,  it  cannot  be  other  than  hospitable  to  the  cooperation 
of  any  individual  or  organized  force,  springing  from  the  very 
heart  of  the  need  it  seeks  to  understand  and  meet.  It  may 
well  accept  as  its  chief  responsibility,  without  abating  its  efforts 
to  remove  immediate  and  palpable  evils,  the  creation  of  that 
atmosphere  of  fairness,  kindness,  and  good-will,  in  which  those 
who  contend,  employer  and  employee,  capitalist  and  working 
man,  may  find  both  light  and  warmth,  and,  in  mutual  respect 
and  with  fraternal  feelings,  may  reach  the  common  basis  of 
understanding  which  will  come  to  them,  not  by  outward  pressure, 
but  from  the  inner  sense  of  brotherhood. — Federal  Council  of 
Churches,  1908. 

More  clearly  does  society  now  recognize  the  right  and  the 
duty  of  our  people,  and  especially  the  industrial  workers,  to 
seek  proper  organization  for  justice,  conciliation,  and  arbitra- 
tion. Just  as  strongly  does  it  feel  that  such  organization  itself 
should  be  under  the  higher  law  which  it  invokes. — Federal 
Council  of  Churches,  igi2. 

The  right  of  working  men  to  organize  for  mutual  benefit 
and  protection  can  no  more  be  called  in  question  than  the 
right  of  the  men  of  any  other  class  to  organize  for  similar 
purposes.     The  attitude  of  the  church  toward  organized  labor, 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  229 

like  its  attitude  toward  organized  capital,  depends  upon  cir- 
cumstances. It  may  agree  or  it  may  disagree  with  either  or 
both,  according  as  one  or  other  keeps  or  fails  to  keep  the 
Golden  Rule  of  charity  and  fair  dealing. 

The  church  stands  for  righteousness  and  justice  and  brotherly 
love,  and  so  far  as  the  organization  of  labor  tends  to  secure 
these  ends,  the  church  approves  it. — Protestant  Episcopal  Dio- 
cese of  Chicago,  1909. 

In  the  face  of  a  prejudice  and  a  hostility  for  which  there 
are  serious  reasons,  we  are  convinced  that  the  organization 
of  labor  is  essential  to  the  well-being  of  the  working  people. 
It  is  based  upon  a  sense  of  the  inestimable  value  of  the  indi- 
vidual man.  "The  cause  of  labor  is  the  effort  of  men,  being 
men,  to  live  the  life  of  men."  Its  purpose  is  to  maintain  such 
a  standard  of  wages,  hours,  and  conditions  as  shall  afford  every 
man  an  opportunity  to  grow  in  mind  and  in  heart.  Without 
organization  the  standard  cannot  be  maintained  in  the  midst 
of  our  present  commercial  conditions. — Protestant  Episcopal 
General  Convention,  1904. 

The  emancipation  of  the  working  class  must  come  from  the 
workers  themselves,  if  it  is  to  have  durability  and  moral  value. 
They  must  organize  and  learn  through  concerted  action.  The 
organization  of  labor  has  come  to  stay.  Those  who  are  opposing 
it  are  seeking  to  check  the  manifest  destiny  of  industrial  society. 
The  instinct  of  solidarity  that  has  grown  up  in  the  ranks  of 
labor  is  the  form  which  the  great  human  instinct  of  love  must 
take  under  the  circumstances.  If  labor  organizations  have  at 
times  taken  unwise  action  or  resorted  to  dangerous  methods, 
we  remember  that  other  great  historic  movements,  such  as 
democracy  and  even  the  Christian  church,  have  moved  forward 
through  mistakes  and  sins.  Christians  within  the  unions  must 
seek  still  more  to  make  them  the  moral  educators  of  the 
working  class  by  which  the  workers  will  be  prepared  for  the 
larger  economic  and  social  responsibilities  of  the  future.  And 
Christians  outside  of  the  unions  must  help  them  on  with  praise 
and  blame,  but  always  in  the  spirit  of  brotherly  good-will  and 
sympathy. — Social  Service  Message,  Men  and  Religion  Movement. 

It  is  manifestly  impossible  for  the  church  or  any  other  social 
institution  to  overlook  the  fact  that  classes  exist.  Who  created 
them  or  how  justifiable  was  their  creation  is  another  matter. 
They  certainly  exist.     It  is  impossible  in  any  case  to  return  to 


230    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

the  old  American  conditions  which  obliterated  class  distinctions. 
It  may  be  possible  to  advance  into  a  state  of  society  where 
class  distinctions  shall  again  be  obliterated,  or  at  least  their 
evils  overcome,  but  that  state  is  to  be  reached  by  an  advance 
and  not  by  a  reaction  to  former  conditions  now  irrevocably 
past. 

The  church  must  take  one  of  two  courses:  it  must  either 
force  the  two  classes  into  the  same  organization,  recognizing 
them  still  as  distinct,  and  furnish  the  medium  by  which  the 
patronage  of  one  may  overflow  to  the  other;  or  else  it  must 
actively  and  deliberately  set  itself  to  lead  society  into  that  state 
when  classes  will  either  be  abolished  or  they  will  be  redeemed 
from  the  present  blight.  The  former  attitude  the  Roman  Church 
has  assumed.  The  latter  is,  of  course,  the  only  thorough  solu- 
tion of  the  problem.  The  evasion  of  this  alternative  must  place 
the  Protestant  Church  in  a  weak  position.  It  has  neither  the 
strength  of  the  position  of  the  Roman  Church,  nor  has  it  the 
strength  of  choosing  the  other  alternative,  which,  in  the  end, 
would  endow  it  with  immeasurably  more  strength  than  the 
Roman  Church  can  ever  gain.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  evasion 
of  the  question  leads  to  the  tacit  recognition  of  classes,  and  the 
alliance  of  the  Protestant  forces  with  class-conscious  capital. 
Undoubtedly  to-day  the  affiliation  of  the  church  is  more  close 
with  class-conscious  capital  than  with  class-conscious  labor. 
Even  though  there  has  been  a  decided  drawing  together  of 
church  and  labor  during  the  past  decade,  the  alienation  is  still 
a  fact.  The  fact  is  not  materially  altered,  though  it  may  be 
pointed  out  that  large  numbers  of  working  people  are  in  the 
church.  Many  congregations  are  made  up  almost  exclusively  of 
working  people.  But  few  churches  include  any  considerable 
class-conscious  labor  element.  Here  lies  the  test.  Of  course  it 
is  class-conscious  labor  which  is  joining  the  issue  with  capital  and 
precipitating  the  present  acute  industrial  conditions. — Front 
''Home  Mission  Method,"  Presbyterian  Church   (Northern). 


Industrial  Democracy 

At  this  time  the  great  principle  of  Christian  brotherhood 
is  seeking  a  new  interpretation  and  application.  The  people 
from  the  churches  should  realize  their  opportunity  and  their 
duty  at  this  point,  and  may  perform  a  most  notable  service. 

The  principle  of  brotherhood  will  have  little  meaning  and 
power  till  it  is  applied  all  along  the  line  of  life.     The  men 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  231 

of  the  churches  will  seek  to  express  and  realize  the  principle 
of  brotherhood,  not  only  in  the  church,  but  in  the  city  life, 
in  politics,  in  business,  and  in  industry.  And  they  will  neither 
be  put  off  with  empty  professions  and  indefinite  platitudes,  nor 
will  they  be  deterred  by  the  warnings  of  timid  time-servers 
and  the  pleas  of  interested  self-seekers.  The  rttcn  of  good- 
will cannot  rest  till  such  an  industrial  order  exists  as  will 
enable  every  man  to  earn  and  eat  his  daily  bread.  The  men 
of  the  church  may  therefore  very  properly  study  all  such 
methods  of  industrial  brotherhood  as  profit-sharing,  labor, 
copartnership,  cooperative  production  and  distribution,  state  and 
municipal  ownership,  and  operation  of  natural  resources. — 
Baptist  Northern  Convention,  1913. 

The  age  in  which  we  are  called  to  live  and  serve  has  some 
great  outstanding  characteristics  and  needs,  and  these  make  some 
urgent  demands  upon  all  Christians.  The  characteristic  attitude 
and  need  of  our  time  are  summed  up  in  the  following  things : 

The  passion  for  democracy. 

The  search  for  social  justice. 

The  dominance  of  religion  in  social  and  national  life. 

The  determination  to  seek  and  to  find  a  Christian  type  of  social 
and  industrial  life. 

There  is  a  significant  harmony  between  our  fundamental  idea 
and  the  spirit  of  this  age  which  constitutes  a  special  call  and 
obligation  to  us. 

The  passion  for  democracy  has  become  the  master  passion  of 
our  time.  Thus  far,  however,  the  idea  of  democracy  has  been 
interpreted  and  realized  in  its  political  bearing  and  relations. 
But  democracy,  we  begin  to  see,  is  a  universal  principle,  and 
applies  in  every  relation  and  realm  of  society.  Some  great 
religious  body  is  needed  that  shall  interpret  this  great  principle, 
not  in  word  only  but  in  life,  and  shall  lead  the  world  in  its 
search  for  social  and  industrial  democracy,  and  shall  aid  in  its 
practical  realization  in  society. 

The  hunger  for  social  justice  lies  at  the  bottom  of  the  unrest 
of  our  time.  Thus  far  the  political  rights  of  men  have  been 
fairly  well  defined  and  understood;  and  these  definitions  are 
written  out  in  constitutional  guaranties,  and  are  protected  by 
the  state.  But  what  may  be  called  the  social  rights  of  men 
are  not  yet  understood  and  defined;  and  so  we  have  both  im- 
perfect conceptions  of  social  justice  and  inadequate  means  for 
securing  it.  Some  great  religious  body  is  needed  with  a  passion 
for   justice   which    shall   interpret    the    Christian    conception    of 


232    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

man,  arouse  in  men  a  passion  for  the  downmost  man,  and 
inspire  men  to  go  forth  and  make  social  justice  prevail  in 
society. 

In  the  generations  past  we  have  achieved  the  separation  of 
church  and  state — a  great  achievement  and  a  necessary  work. 
But  this  is  a  negative  work,  and,  being  such,  it  falls  short  of  the 
whole  truth.  The  separation  of  church  and  state,  as  too  often 
interpreted,  has  meant  the  exclusion  of  religion  from  civil 
affairs.  In  this  negative  form,  as  often  understood,  it  is  as 
pernicious  in  practice  as  it  is  unchristian  in  principle.  Some 
great  religious  body  is  needed  which  shall  complete  this  work, 
interpret  the  positive  relation  of  religion  to  social  affairs,  and 
lead  men  in  their  efforts  to  realize  the  kingdom  of  God  in  the 
social  order. 

There  is  no  doubt  a  call  and  obligation  upon  all  Christians  to 
hear  what  the  Spirit  is  saying  unto  the  churches  and  to  follow 
the  leading  of  divine  providence  into  new  fields  of  effort  and 
achievement.  But  in  view  of  our  history  and  our  fundamental 
principles  we  believe  that  there  is  a  special  obligation  upon  us 
as  a  body  of  Christians.  There  is  a  demand  for  some  body  of 
Christians  with  the  Messianic  consciousness  strong  upon  it, 
which  shall  listen  to  this  voice  of  the  Spirit  and  accept  this 
great  commission. 

Our  Baptist  principle  by  its  very  nature  is  a  vital,  vitalizing, 
active,  aggressive  principle.  Our  Baptist  fathers  from  the  begin- 
ning have  been  pioneers  and  pathfinders.  To-day  this  principle 
is  seeking  a  new  interpretation  and  application.  To-day  the 
Spirit  is  speaking  to  us,  calling  us  to  break  up  our  tents  of  ease 
and  once  more  become  pathfinders.  We  can  be  true  to  our 
principles  and  our  past,  not  merely  by  seeking  to  repeat  the 
achievements  of  yesterday,  but  by  hearing  the  call  to  new  tasks 
and  once  more  becoming  pioneers.  Some  body  of  disciples  is 
needed  who  will  break  a  path  through  the  tangled  thickets  of 
this  modern  social  world  and  show  men  the  way  to  the  city  of 
God.  In  a  word,  some  body  of  disciples  is  needed  to-day  with  the 
consciousness  of  a  great  commission,  with  the  fullest  devotion  to 
the  King,  who  will  accept  the  leadership  of  the  social  faith  and 
guide  mankind  into  the  Christian  social  order. 

We  therefore  urge  our  people  to  make  a  renewed  study  of  our 
early  history  as  a  denomination  that  we  may  clearly  conceive  the 
principles  which  inspired  our  fathers. 

We  urge  our  people  to  make  a  careful  and  sympathetic  study 
of  the  social  awakening  of  our  time  that  they  may  understand 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  233 

the  significance  of  the  social  question  and  may  know  what  Israel 
ought  to  do. 

And  we  urge  our  people  to  a  sympathetic  cooperation  with 
all  men  of  good-will  who  are  seeking  to  interpret  the  idea  of 
social  justice  and  to  secure  its  establishment  in  all  social  relations. 
— Baptist  Northern  Convention,  1914. 

The  democratic  control  of  industry:  The  principle  of 
democracy  is  essential  to  the  Christian  conception  of  man  and 
of  society.  Under  the  stimulus  of  Christianity  this  principle 
has  been  largely  realized  in  government,  and  its  extension  in 
industrial  relationships  is  equally  demanded  by  the  social  ideal 
of  the  gospel.  The  autocratic  control  of  industry  by  any  group 
of  men  without  regard  to  the  rights,  either  of  other  groups 
who  contribute  to  the  industrial  process  or  of  the  public,  is  there- 
fore contrary  to  Christian  standards.  The  immediate  applica- 
tion, in  every  industry,  of  the  principle  of  collective  bargaining 
is  not  only  essential  to  the  protection  of  the  modern  industrial 
worker  but  it  is  the  first  step  toward  that  cooperative  control 
of  both  the  process  and  proceeds  of  industry  which  will  be 
the  ultimate  expression  of  Christianity  in  industrial  relationship. 
— Methodist  Episcopal  General  Conference,  1912. 

Rapidly  developing  events  make  evasion  of  this  question  longer 
impossible.  Perhaps  the  majority  of  pulpits  directly  oppose 
socialism,  though  few  make  clear  just  what  social  theory  they 
are  opposing.  Doubtless  some  of  these  antagonists  do  not  them- 
selves know  precisely  what  they  are  opposing.  Elsewhere  in  the 
church  there  are  a  few  scattering  outspoken  champions  of 
socialism,  though  they  also  are  often  vague  and  divergent  from 
one  another  in  their  doctrines.  It  is  not  incumbent  upon  the 
church  officially  to  champion  any  of  these  social  theories  now 
current.  But  it  remains  true  that  the  industrial  question  con- 
stitutes a  definite  issue,  which  makes  a  vacillating,  evasive  atti- 
tude on  the  part  of  the  church  suicidal,  because  it  marks 
recreancy  to  the  gospel  it  has  assumed  to  preach.  Because  it  is 
esteemed  wise  and  distinctly  obligatory  to  oppose  certain  social 
theories  popularly  embraced  under  the  term  sociaHsm,  the  church 
may  not  evade  the  social  issue  which  exacts  of  religious,  as  of 
other  institutions,  a  share  in  effecting  absolutely  necessary 
economic  adjustments.  The  very  fact  that  erroneous  and  hurtful 
social  theories  are  in  the  field  make  the  obligation  of  the  church 
all  the  more  clear.    Recognition  of  the  labor  unions,  the  sending 


234    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

of  fraternal  delegates  to  them  from  ministerial  associations,  and 
the  adoption  of  other  such  methods  may  be  wise  or  otherwise. 
Opinions  and  local  conditions  vary  greatly.  The  wisdom  or 
unwisdom  of  these  or  any  other  mere  methods  should  not  be 
allowed  to  confuse  the  fundamental  issue. — From  "Home  Mission 
Method"  Presbyterian  Church  (Northern). 

Class  Struggle 

Christianity  proposes  for  all  human  beings,  and  aims  to 
create  in  them,  the  best  life  of  which  they  are  individually 
capable.  It  prescribes  as  a  normal  standard  of  living  for  every 
individual  such  conditions  as  will,  to  the  utmost  degree,  pro- 
mote the  best  life.  A  Christian  civilization  is  that  in  which 
the  whole  power  of  society  is  exerted  to  estabHsh  and  main- 
tain a  normal  standard  of  living  for  all  equally. 

In  Christian  ethics  all  members  of  society  are  equally  bound, 
to  the  limit  of  their  ability,  to  do  such  useful  labor  as  may 
be  necessary  in  order  to  maintain  a  normal  standard  of  living, 
and  to  promote  the  best  life  equally  for  all.  All  of  those 
who  so  labor  constitute  the  world's  working  class.  All  who 
cannot  so  labor  as  to  earn  a  normal  living  constitute  the  world's 
dependent  class.  All  who  can,  but  do  not  so  labor,  but  who, 
by  force,  fraud,  special  privilege,  or  social  maladjustment, 
appropriate  to  their  own  use  the  benefit  of  others'  toil  con- 
stitute the  world's  shirking,  parasitical,  predatory,  exploiting, 
thieving,  robbing,  or  plundering  class.  The  lines  of  division 
separating  these  several  classes  are  not  always  perfectly  distinct. 
A  person  or  a  pursuit  may  be  partly  useful  and  partly  parasitical. 
A  person  may  work  hard  at  a  useless  or  injurious  business. 
There  may  be  bad  economy  and  waste  in  the  management  of  a 
business  intrinsically  good.  Sometimes  the  character  of  a  busi- 
ness, whether  good  or  bad,  may  not  be  clearly  obvious.  But 
broadly,  and  for  purposes  of  economic  and  moral  analysis, 
society  is  composed  of  these  three  classes :  producers,  plunderers, 
and  pensioners. 

Between  the  working  class  and  the  predatory  class  there  is 
ceaseless  conflict  of  interest  and  effort.  The  plunderers  ever- 
more seek  to  enrich  themselves  at  the  expense  of  the  workers; 
and  the  workers,  so  far  as  they  know  and  have  power,  resist 
spoliation.  Sometimes,  incidentally,  factional  divisions  and 
strife  arise  within  each  of  these  classes,  arraying  working  men 
against  working  men  or  exploiters  against  exploiters.  But 
between   the   workers   and   the    exploiters,    as    economic   classes 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  235 

into  which  society  as  a  whole  is  divided,  the  conflict  of  interest 
and  effort  is  fundamental,  worldwide,  and  constant. 

In  this  struggle,  each  class  seeks  to  utilize  the  powers  of 
organization  and  of  social  control,  economic  and  political.  The 
results  of  this  struggle  for  social  control  are,  first,  to  create  a 
servile  class  and  a  master  class;  and,  secondly,  to  create  or 
intensify  a  vast  brood  of  evils,  such  as  slavery,  peonage,  oppres- 
sion, war,  political  corruption,  poverty,  misery,  disease,  vice, 
crime,  inhumanity,  ignorance,  and  brutality. 

In  order  to  eliminate  these  evils  society  must  eliminate  the 
class  struggle  out  of  which  they  spring.  But  this  can  be  done 
only  by  the  emancipation,  conservation,  education,  and  socializa- 
tion of  the  working  class  as  a  whole ;  by  the  eradication  of  the 
exploiting  class  in  all  of  its  forms,  and  by  the  adequate  pro- 
tection and  support  of  the  helpless  class.  To  do  these  things  is 
the  task  of  the  working  class. 

In  relation  to  that  task  the  true  functions  of  the  church 
are  to  make  common  cause  with  the  working  class,  as  a  whole, 
as  its  advocate,  inspirer,  and  moral  guide;  to  hold  up  the 
ideal  of  a  Christian  civilization  as  the  true  goal  of  industrial 
organization;  and  to  promote  among  the  workers  intelligent 
concert  of  action,  both  economic  and  political,  for  their  com- 
mon welfare  and  for  the  adequate  care  of  the  helpless. 

We  believe  these  principles  to  be  in  harmony  with  the  history 
and  principles  of  the  Baptist  denomination,  and  we  propose  them 
as  a  basis  for  future  action. — Indiana  Baptist  Convention,  1910. 

Social  Movements 

The  movement  bearing  the  name  of  Socialism  is  one  of  the 
most  significant  signs  of  the  times.  It  is  a  movement  world- 
wide in  scope  and  growing  in  momentum.  The  name  Socialism 
is  a  more  or  less  indefinite  one,  and  covers  the  whole  move- 
ment for  social  reform.  But,  after  all,  the  term  has  a  quite 
definite  content,  and  includes  specific  efforts  for  the  social 
ownership  and  control  of  the  means  of  production  and  distribu- 
tion. Two  things  should  be  kept  in  mind  in  all  our  thought  on 
this  question :  Socialism  is  both  a  protest  and  a  program. 
In  the  first  sense  it  is  a  protest  against  the  social  and  economic 
injustice  in  the  world;  it  affirms  the  worth  of  every  man  and 
demands  that  every  life  shall  have  a  fair  inheritance  in  society. 
In  the  second  sense  it  is  a  program  seeking  to  equalize  oppor- 
tunity, to  socialize  the  resources  of  the  earth,  and  to  place  the 
control  of  industry  in  the  hands  of  the  people.     This  question 


236    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

in  all  of  its  aspects  should  be  most  carefully  studied  by  all  of 
our  people.  We  should  know  what  are  the  wrongs  and  injustice 
in  society  which  give  Socialism  its  strongest  arguments;  we 
should  know  how  far  the  ills  of  society  are  curable  by  social 
action;  and  we  should  spread  such  a  conscience  as  will  lead  to 
a  just  solution  of  the  problem  of  society.  The  whole  social 
question,  the  question  how  men  shall  live  together  in  society  and 
share  in  the  resources  of  the  earth  in  terms  of  fair  equality, 
is  up  for  a  hearing,  and  the  church  that  cannot  lead  men's 
thought  on  this  question  will  not  hold  a  very  large  place  in  the 
coming  years. — Baptist  Northern  Convention^  1912. 

The  altruism  of  the  gospel  is  developing  a  class  of  men 
who  find  a  personal  reward  in  the  good  of  the  community 
which  has  nourished  them.  We  have  accomplished  some  forms 
of  socialistic  organizations,  which  have  enriched  the  life  of 
the  community  and  have  increased  the  power  and  the  range 
of  influence  of  the  individual  and  have  greatly  enhanced  the 
rewards  of  personal  effort.  Therefore,  in  the  controversies 
between  individualism  and  the  many  forms  of  socialism  we  may 
as  a  church  declare  in  favor  of  any  form  of  communal  organ- 
ization which,  while  it  enriches  the  life  of  the  community,  will 
also  increase  the  functions  and  development  of  the  individual — 
the  organization  of  trusts  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  enter 
them,  leading  the  way  to  the  final  trust  in  which  the  forces  of 
the  community  will  be  used  for  the  reenforcement  of  the  power 
and  the  enrichment  of  the  life  of  all  the  individuals  composing  it. 

Further,  in  common  fairness  we  must  admit  that  all  we 
claim  as  our  right  in  the  community  is,  on  the  average,  the 
right  of  all.  We  have  accepted  the  benefit  of  a  good  home, 
a  public  school  education,  etc.  We  should  see  to  it,  as  far  as 
we  can  by  Christian  effort,  by  economic  reform,  and  by  legal 
enactments,  that  these  benefits  are  not  denied  to  any.  Thus  we 
love  our  neighbor  as  ourselves. — Methodist  Church  of  Canada, 
General  Conference,  1910. 

The  principle  of  democracy  has  triumphed  in  church  and 
state,  and  has  put  an  end  to  the  grosser  forms  of  oppres- 
sion and  wrong  in  both.  The  same  principle  must  pervade 
and  readjust  the  organizations  of  industry  and  commerce.  In- 
dustrial democracy  is  our  Christian  destiny,  and  henceforth 
a  man's  Christianity  will  have  to  be  measured  to  some  degree 
by  the  willingness  and  enthusiasm  with  which  he  sets  his  face 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  287 

to   meet   that   destiny. — Social  Service   Message,   Men   and   Re- 
ligion Movement. 

Wealth  and  Poverty 

For  the  acknowledgment  of  the  obligations  of  wealth. 

The  church  declares  that  the  getting  of  wealth  must  be  in 
obedience  to  Christian  ideals,  and  that  all  wealth,  from  what- 
ever source  acquired,  must  be  held  or  administered  as  a  trust 
from  God  for  the  good  of  fellow  man.  The  church  emphasizes 
the  danger,  ever  imminent  to  the  individual  and  to  society  as 
well,  of  setting  material  welfare  above  righteous  life.  The 
church  protests  against  undue  desire  for  wealth,  untempered 
pursuit  of  gain,  and  the  immoderate  exaltation  of  riches. 

For  the  application  of  Christian  principles  to  the  conduct  of 
industrial  organizations,  whether  of  capital  or  labor. 

For  a  more  equitable  distribution  of  wealth. 

We  hold  that  the  distribution  of  the  products  of  industry 
ought  to  be  made  such  that  it  can  be  approved  by  the  Christian 
conscience. —  (Northern)   Presbyterian  General  Assembly,  1910. 

We  urge  a  deeper  sense  of  the  value  of  productive  thought 
and  toil  and  wealth.  To  create  for  the  benefit  of  all  is  the 
highest  end  for  the  investment  of  talent,  toil,  and  of  material 
possession.  Hence  every  industrial  and  commercial  enterprise 
that  ministers  to  wholesome  life  and  substantial  prosperity 
should  be  encouraged  and  honored,  and  every  device  that  aims 
to  secure  something  for  nothing  should  be  discountenanced  and 
condemned.  Return  and  reward  are  just,  only  as  they  measure 
their  moral  equivalent,  however  it  may  be  expressed  in  its 
material  terms. — Federal  Council  of  Churches,  1912. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  in  recent  years,  notwithstanding 
the  vast  accumulation  of  wealth  in  the  hands  of  a  privileged 
few,  there  has  been  no  corresponding  gain  to  labor;  that  our 
modern  competitive  industrial  system  results  in  conditions  which 
are  essentially  unchristian  and  unjust  to  the  men  who  produce 
the  wealth  in  which  they  so  unequally  share;  that  in  every 
industrial  community,  poverty  due  to  insufficient  wages  and 
uncertainty  of  employment  is  to  a  large  extent  responsible  for 
the  existing  discontent,  crime,  immorality,  and  alienation  from 
religion,  and  that  the  church  is  to  a  large  degree  identified 
with  the  capitalistic  class,  and  that  its  influence  is  used  to 
uphold  the  existing  economic  system. — Protestant  Episcopal 
Diocese  of  Chicago,  1909. 


238    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

In  a  righteous  social  order  all  should  be  both  owners  and 
workers.  From  the  point  of  view  of  the  kingdom  of  God  we 
cannot  consent  to  a  condition  in  which  some  have  all  the  en- 
joyment of  wealth  without  the  wholesome  moral  influence  of 
productive  labor,  and  in  which  others  have  all  the  burden  of 
unending  toil  without  the  wholesome  moral  influence  of  property. 
The  goal  of  our  economic  development  should  be  to  secure 
for  the  modern  industrial  workers  some  recognized  property 
right  in  the  shops  in  which  they  work,  such  as  the  old-fashioned 
mechanic  had  in  his  shop  and  tools.  How  the  working  class 
can  win  an  increasing  share  of  property  rights  is  the  problem 
of  the  future.  It  will  demand  of  the  wage-workers  high 
qualities  of  good  sense,  self-restraint,  and  solidarity.  It  will 
demand  of  the  present  owners  a  strong  sense  of  justice  and 
humanity,  educational  ability  and  the  power  of  moral  leader- 
ship if  the  transition  is  to  be  made  peaceably  and  wisely.  We 
hail  with  deep  satisfaction  the  increasing  instances  where  indi- 
vidual employers  and  large  corporations  have  introduced  methods 
of  profit-sharing  that  have  really  shared,  and  have  not  been 
mere  devices  to  force  an  increase  in  the  output  of  labor.  In 
this  direction  lies  the  industrial  mission  of  Christianity  for 
men  of  wealth  and  organizing  ability. — Social  Service  Message, 
Men  and  Religion  Movement. 

Unearned  Increment  in  Land  Values 

Your  Committee  has  considered  the  memorials  on  the  land 
question  submitted  to  it.  Believing  that  "The  earth  is  the 
Lord's,  and  the  fulness  thereof,"  and  that  under  the  provi- 
dence of  God  the  state  is  the  trustee  whose  duty  it  is  to 
enact  the  conditions  under  which  these  Divine  gifts  should  be 
used  for  the  benefit  of  all,  we  therefore,  condemn  the  handing 
over  of  large  tracts  of  land  to  individuals  and  corporations 
without  attaching  conditions  which  would  prevent  their  being 
held  for  speculative  purposes  only.  Whenever  vested  rights 
are  not  interfered  with,  we  recommend  legislation  which  will 
prevent  any  individual  or  corporation  from  profiting  hereafter 
from  the  unearned  increment  in  the  value  of  land.  We  note 
with  pleasure  the  experiments  which  are  now  being  made  in 
Great  Britain,  the  city  of  Vancouver,  and  other  western  towns, 
in  organizing  their  finance  on  the  basis  of  a  tax  on  land  values. 
We  shall  have  opportunity  to  determine,  experimentally,  how  far 
this  method  may  prove  to  be  a  panacea  for  economic  ills. 
— Methodist  Church  of  Canada,  General  Conference,  1910. 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  239 

Economic  injustice  has  at  all  times  entrenched  itself  in  the 
ownership  of  the  land  and  its  resources.  The  earth  and  its 
natural  wealth  is  always  the  gift  of  God  to  every  new  gen- 
eration. If  any  one  claims  any  part  of  the  land  as  his  own,  his 
rights  are  subject  to  the  needs  of  the  common  welfare,  and 
he  must  render  to  his  fellows  a  just  equivalent  for  the  special 
privilege  he  claims.  The  moral  title  to  property  rests  on  social 
service.  In  the  past  the  natural  heritage  of  our  nation  has 
been  so  rich  and  vast  that  all  could  find  their  opportunity  for 
labor  and  sustenance.  As  our  population  grows,  and  the  easy 
prodigality  of  our  young  continent  becomes  exhausted,  the 
question  of  the  just  distribution  of  natural  opportunities  is 
driven  home  upon  us.  We  shall  have  to  consider  whether  it  is 
compatible  with  the  kingdom  of  God  on  earth  that  a  minority 
of  men  own  the  bulk  of  the  soil,  the  water  rights,  and  the 
mineral  stores,  and  the  great  majority  of  God's  children  are  left 
with  no  property  rights  in  what  God  made  for  all.  We  remember 
that  the  ancient  law  of  Israel  was  careful  to  provide  every 
family  with  land,  and  to  prevent  the  permanent  landlessness  of 
any.  In  some  way,  we  must  find  the  economic  means  of 
accomplishing  the  same  end  in  the  complexity  of  an  industrial 
civilization.  Religion,  morality,  history,  and  statesmanship  unite 
in  demanding  it. — Social  Service  Message,  Men  and  Religion 
Movement, 

Social  Redemption 

Christ's  mission  is  not  merely  to  reform  society,  but  to 
save  it.  He  is  more  than  the  world's  Readjuster.  He  is  its 
Redeemer.  The  changed  emphasis  put  upon  the  Lord's  prayer 
— "Thy  will  be  done  on  earth" — must  not  deceive  us.  The 
prayer  for  the  coming  of  the  Kingdom,  for  the  doing  of  the 
will  of  God  on  earth,  gets  its  point  from  the  fact  that  there 
is  a  heaven  in  which  that  will  is  done — where  the  beatitudes 
are  always  operative,  and  justice  never  falters,  and  truth  ex- 
cludes all  hes,  where  people  hunger  no  more,  neither  thirst 
any  more,  nor  say  they  are  sick — a  city  that  lieth  four-square. 
It  will,  we  trust,  not  confuse  the  urgent  cries  for  the  larger 
activity  of  the  church  when  we  remind  ourselves  that  the 
church  becomes  worthless  for  its  higher  purpose  when  it  deals 
with  conditions  and  forgets  character,  reheves  misery  and 
ignores  sin,  pleads  for  justice  and  undervalues  forgiveness. 
— Federal  Council  of  Churches,  1908. 

Above   all,    the    Christian    church    is    coming    to    realize    that 


240    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

in  this  she  is  not  turning  aside  from  her  task;  for  it  she 
needs  no  new  forces.  It  is  simply  the  translation  of  her 
spiritual  culture  into  a  great  human  service  m  obedience  to 
the  command  of  her  Master. 

It  is  not  confusing  the  kingdom  of  heaven  with  an  economic 
state  of  equilibrium.  It  is  not  simply  resolving  man's  spiritual 
and  moral  life  into  an  economic  process.  If  it  were,  it  would 
be  calamitous  and  sad. 

It  is  the  attempt  to  make  our  economic  order  the  outward 
and  material  expression  of  our  moral  and  spiritual  principles 
or,  to  put  it  conversely,  it  is  making  our  moral  and  spiritual 
life  the  ideal  and  end  of  our  economic  order. 

We  are  not  to  confuse  the  worship  with  the  material  building 
in  which  we  hold  it.  We  realize  that  upon  this  earth  heavenly 
treasures  must  be  kept  in  earthen  vessels.  A  pure  body  is  the 
only  fitting  habitation  of  the  soul. 

We  are  not  to  forget  that  we  can  have  no  kingdom  of  heaven 
on  earth  until  our  economic  programs  are  fashioned  in  the 
light  of  spiritual  ideals  and  with  spiritual  ends  in  view,  and 
we  are  to  remember  that  the  world  will  come  together  m  the 
consummation  of  sympathy,  tenderness,  and  brotherhood  only 
when  all  men  are  brought  to  sit  together  at  the  feet  of  Christ. 
The  church  is  thus  not  turning  aside  from  her  task,  neither 
is  she  creating  new  forces.  Still  further  than  this,  we  are 
happily  discovering  that  the  conservation  of  the  evangelistic 
note  is  an  essential  to  an  effective  social  gospel,  and  are  no  longer 
disposed  to  rend  asunder  what  Christ  has  joined  together. 

Two  things  the  church  must  gain:  the  one  is  spiritual  au- 
thority; the  other  is  human  sympathy.  And  be  her  human 
sympathy  ever  so  warm  and  passionate,  if  she  have  not  her 
spiritual  authority,  she  can  do  httle  more  than  raise  a  limp 
signal  of  distress  with  a  weak  and  pallid  hand.  But  if,  on 
the  other  hand,  she  assumes  a  spiritual  authority  without  a 
commensurate  human  sympathy,  she  becomes  what  her  Master 
would  call  "a  whited  sepulcher  filled  with  dead  mens  bones. 
—Federal  Council  of  Churches,  1912. 

In  the  social  crisis  now  confronting  Christianity  the  urgent 
need  and  duty  of  the  church  is  to  develop  an  evangelism  which 
shall  recognize  the  possibility  and  the  imperative  necessity  of 
accomplishing  the  regeneration  of  communities  as  well  as  per- 
sons, whose  goal  shall  be  the  perfection  both  of  society  and 
of  the  individual. 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  241 

The  desire  to  improve  social  conditions,  the  determination  to 
discover  and  remove  social  ills,  is  a  new  assertion  of  man's 
spiritual  nature  and  task.  This  is  not  an  attempt  merely  to 
improve  conditions,  but  it  recognizes  that  while  conditions  in- 
fluence men,  men  make  conditions.  It  brings  to  bear  spiritual 
forces  to  direct  the  progress  of  society  toward  the  perfect 
social  order.  It  is  the  modern  expression  of  the  social  hope 
of  the  Old  Testament,  of  the  kingdom  of  God  which  Jesus 
taught. — Methodist  Episcopal  General  Conference,  1912. 

When  we  face  the  facts  concerning  poverty  and  pauperism, 
the  facts  concerning  drunkenness  and  prostitution,  graft  and 
vice,  the  facts  concerning  wage-slavery,  the  heartless  oppression 
of  women,  and  the  damnable  wrongs  committed  against  little 
children,  the  facts  concerning  political  corruption,  the  depths 
of  infamy  to  which  trusted  servants  of  the  people  sometimes 
descend,  the  facts  concerning  man's  inhumanity  to  man — we 
are  ready  to  declare  most  emphatically  that  what  human  society 
needs  is  regeneration.  Its  ills  cannot  be  cured  by  patent 
nostrums.  Its  ugliness  cannot  be  hidden  by  a  thin  veneer  of 
intellectual  and  moral  polish.  It  can  never  be  made  healthy 
and  beautiful  except  it  be  born  anew  through  the  power  of 
Christ. 

To  be  sure,  it  needs  economic  reconstruction,  it  needs  an 
improved  educational  system,  it  needs  a  larger  culture,  it  needs 
ethical  readjustment,  but  immeasurably  it  needs  regeneration. 

Social  redemption  will  come,  not  with  the  suddenness  of  a 
revolution,  but  through  the  gradual,  sure  processes  of  moral 
and  spiritual  evolution.  It  is  evident  to  the  student  of  history 
that  the  race  of  mankind  learns  slowly  and  through  more 
or  less  painful  experience.  They  who  are  fighters  in  the  cause 
of  righteousness  must  not  be  discouraged  if  victories  are  hard 
won  and  apparently  few.  The  builders  of  the  new  social  order 
must  not  complain  if  the  walls  of  the  temple  rise  slowly.  We 
are  obligated  to  do  with  all  the  power  of  hand  and  brain  and 
heart  what  we  find  to  do,  with  unshaken  faith  in  that  God  who 
is  eternally  on  the  side  of  right. — United  Presbyterian  Brother- 
hood Convention,  1912. 

We  are  engaged  in  a  wide-spreading  revival  for  God's  glory 
and  human  welfare.  Every  great  revival  of  religion  has  laid 
emphasis  on  some  special  phase  of  truth.  Luther  proclaimed 
justification  by  faith,  Wesley  declared  that  the  Methodist  Church 
was    raised    up    to    spread    scriptural   holiness    throughout   the 


242    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

land.  Moody  taught  the  people  that  God  is  love.  The  world 
is  ready  for  another  visitation  of  the  grace  of  God,  and  unless 
all  signs  fail,  it  now  seems  good  to  the  Holy  Spirit  that  special 
emphasis  should  be  laid  on  the  fact  that  the  kingdom  of  God  is 
in  our  midst,  and  that  the  whole  creation  groaneth  and  travaileth 
in  spirit,  waiting  for  the  sons  of  God  to  manifest  and  apply  the 
principles.  Of  course,  we  cannot  lay  plans  for  Almighty  God. 
As  has  been  said,  "The  river  of  the  water  of  life  makes  its  own 
channel,"  but  we  should  study  the  signs  of  the  times,  and  feed 
our  lives  and  lead  our  churches  into  those  great  moral  and 
spiritual  movements  that  indicate  the  mighty  working  of  the 
Spirit  of  God.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  majority  of 
the  disciples  of  Christ  have  not  had  any  clear  vision  of  the 
fulfilment  of  the  prayer,  "Thy  kingdom  come.  Thy  will  be 
done  on  earth  as  it  is  in  heaven."  The  dominant  note  in  their 
testimony  has  been  a  desire  to  get  to  heaven,  but  the  outstanding 
feature  of  the  gospel  of  Christ  is  the  building  of  heaven  on 
earth.  To  this  end  Almighty  God  is  sending  abroad  a  new 
spirit  among  men.  The  age  is  marked  by  many  infallible  signs. 
Never  before  did  men  so  seriously  strive  to  answer  the  ques- 
tion, "Am  I  my  brother's  keeper?"  as  they  do  to-day.  There 
is  being  developed  a  new  social  conscience  that  in  time  will 
revolutionize  our  whole  civilization.  It  is  also  an  age  of  pre- 
vention. We  have  been  told  that  it  is  just  as  good  evangelism 
to  secure  conditions  that  will  prevent  a  man  from  becoming 
a  prodigal  as  to  rescue  a  prodigal.  Jesus  Christ  is  turning  the 
thoughts  and  investigations  of  men  to  the  causes  of  sin  and 
crime;  and  already  we  are  beginning  to  reap  the  harvest  in 
the  elimination  of  slums,  the  establishment  of  garden  cities,  the 
prohibition  of  the  barroom,  shorter  hours  of  labor,  and  many 
other  reforms  for  the  betterment  of  the  people. — Department 
of  Temperance  and  Moral  Reform,  Methodist  Church  of  Canada, 
1911-12. 

But  the  social  movement,  as  related  to  the  church,  is  con- 
cerned not  only  with  the  kingdom  of  God,  the  ideal  society: 
it  is  concerned  with  the  individuals  who  shall  go  to  make 
up  that  society.  The  social  movement  must  have  as  its  ulti- 
mate aim  the  liberation  and  the  development  of  personality. 
Unless  it  succeeds  in  giving  to  the  "undermost  man"  a  chance 
to  recognize  his  own  "innermost  worth,"  and  to  develop  that 
worth  in  relation  to  God  and  to  his  fellows,  the  social  move- 
ment of  to-day,  like  many  previous  movements  of  history 
which    started    with    glowing    hopes,    will    ultimately    come    to 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  243 

naught.  It  need  not  be  thought,  however,  that  in  saying  this 
we  are  turning  our  backs  upon  the  social  movement  and  giving 
place  to  a  narrow  individualistic  interpretation  of  the  gospel, 
which  is  being  outgrown.  We  would  insist  rather  upon  a  return 
to  the  original  spirit  of  the  gospel,  in  and  through  the  social 
movement  of  our  day.  If  the  movement  has  seemed  to  go 
astray,  it  is  for  the  church  to  call  it  back  to  fundamental 
principles;  it  is  for  the  church  to  insist  upon  the  value  of  the 
soul  and  to  claim  the  recognition  of  that  value  by  all  who 
profess  to  be  interested  in  the  welfare  of  human  society  on 
earth.  In  this  ultimate  criterion  of  soul  value  we  believe  that 
the  social  worker  and  the  working  man  outside  the  ranks  of 
organized  Christianity  would  eventually  acquiesce.  We  believe 
that  at  the  bottom  of  the  heart  of  every  human  being  is  a 
groping  desire  for  spiritual  growth.  We  believe  that  the  men 
and  women  for  whom  we  make  our  plea  are  not  finally  con- 
cerned with  mere  questions  of  decent  homes,  adequate  provision 
for  the  necessities,  and  a  reasonable  amount  of  some  of  the 
comforts  of  life,  but  that  their  cry  for  justice  is  based  funda- 
mentally upon  the  conviction  that  to  them  is  given,  under 
present  conditions,  no  adequate  opportunity  for  the  realization 
of  their  own  individuality.  But  it  is,  after  all,  only  as  society 
itself  is  reconstructed  that  the  individual  can  come  fully  to  his 
own.  There  can  be  no  true  regeneration  of  the  individual 
which  does  not  involve  the  regeneration  of  society,  nor  any  true 
regeneration  of  society  without  the  regeneration  of  the  indi- 
vidual.— Protestant  Episcopal  General  Convention,  1913. 

We  believe: 

1.  That  God  wills  that  all  men  should  be  saved. 

2.  That  God  first  calls  and  saves  individuals. 

3.  That  God  saves  and  blesses  individuals,  not  because  they 
are  his  favorites,  but  that  they  may  become  servants  of  the 
Lord  in  saving  others. 

4.  That,  in  order  to  save  others,  those  who  are  saved  must,  in 
accordance  with  the  Christian  law  of  love,  do  whatever  in 
them  lies  to  ameliorate  the  conditions,  purify  the  environment, 
and  sanctify  the  relations,  in  which  men  and  women  must  live. 

5.  That  the  work  of  saving  the  world  hence  implies  the 
Christianizing  of  the  entire  social  order,  so  that  all  the  relations 
of  life  shall  be  controlled  and  governed  by  the  Christian  law 
of  love. 


244    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

6.  That  such  a  Christian  social  order  is  indispensable  to  the 
full  development  of  the  indiwidusA.— Reformed  Church  in  the 
United  States. 

The  Convention  of  Methodist  Men  assembled  at  Indianap- 
olis, October,  1913,  commits  itself,  and  calls  the  entire 
church : 

First,  to  a  program  of  personal  evangelism  at  home  and 
abroad,  which  will  enable  the  church  to  reach  effectively  the 
last  man  with  the  message  of  redemption;  and  that  we  set  as 
a  goal  an  annual  minimum  gain  of  ten  per  cent  in  the  full 
membership  of  every  church. 

Second,  to  the  principle  of  social  redemption  in  all  lands  and 
the  application  of  the  spirit  and  teachings  of  Christ  to  the  total 
relations  of  men. 

Peace 

The  Conference  of  representatives  of  the  Religious  Society 
of  Friends  in  the  United  States,  to  protest  against  the  reliance 
upon  military  force  in  adjusting  international  affairs,  and  to 
advance  the  cause  of  universal  peace,  held  at  Winona  Lake, 
Indiana,  July  23  to  26,  1915,  appeals  to  all  the  bodies  of  Chris- 
tians, by  whatever  name  they  may  be  called,  to  make  the 
teachings  of  Jesus  Christ  more  potent  in  the  affairs  of  men. 
The  profession  of  the  acceptance  of  Christ's  teachings,  without 
putting  them  into  practice,  is  but  a  mockery.  We  regard  the 
Sermon  on  the  Mount  as  a  practical  constitution  for  the  kingdom 
of  God  upon  the  earth,  that  its  declarations  are  to  be  obeyed  by 
the  members  of  that  kingdom,  and  that  they  apply  alike  to 
individuals  and  to  all  groups  of  individuals,  including  those  that 
form  the  nations  of  the  earth.  Not  otherwise  can  the  kingdoms 
of  this  world  become  kingdoms  of  our  Lord. 

We  advocate  peace,  not  merely  as  an  end  in  itself,  but  as  one 
of  the  means  for  obtaining  the  greatest  of  all  ends,  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  kingdom  of  God  upon  the  earth.  It  is  a  kingdom 
of  righteousness  and  this  righteousness  embraces  peace. 

None  of  us  has  duly  honored  the  teachings  of  our  Lord,  nor 
carried  high  enough  the  banner  of  the  Prince  of  Peace.  The 
present  crisis  in  the  world's  affairs  presents  an  opportunity, 
beyond  any  the  church  has  before  known,  to  call  men  to 
Christ's  ideals  of  human  government. 

We  venture  thus  to  address  you  because  a  heritage  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty  years  places  a  peculiar  responsibility  upon  us. 


The  Voice  of  the  Churches  ^545 

In  1660,  Friends  presented  to  King  Charles  II  a  declaration 
which  stated,  "We  utterly  deny  all  outward  wars,  and  strife, 
and  fightings  with  outward  weapons,  for  any  end  or  under  any 
pretense  whatever:  this  is  our  testimony  to  the  whole  world. 
The  Spirit  of  Christ  by  which  we  are  guided  is  not  changeable, 
so  as  once  to  command  from  a  thing  as  evil  and  again  to  move 
into  it;  and  we  certainly  know  and  testify  to  the  world  that  the 
Spirit  of  Christ  which  leads  into  all  truth,  will  never  move  us  to 
fight  and  war  against  any  man  with  outward  weapons,  neither 
for  the  kingdom  of  Christ,  nor  for  the  kingdoms  of  this  world." 
In  1914,  the  following  was  issued  in  London :  The  Society  of 
Friends  "believes  that  all  war  is  contrary  to  the  mind  of  Christ, 
and  that  the  early  Christians  who  said,  T  am  a  Christian,  and 
cannot  fight,'  were  expressing  a  fundamental  truth.  That  there 
have  been,  and  are  to-day,  large  numbers  of  sincere  and  devoted 
Christians  in  the  armies  of  Europe,  Friends  do  not  for  one 
moment  deny.  One  hundred  years  ago  Christian  men  held 
slaves,  although  this  practice  is  now  universally  recognized  as 
fundamentally  opposed  to  Christianity.  The  Friends  regard  their 
protest  against  war  as  an  essential  part  of  their  faith  in  Christ, 
and  as  rooted  in  their  whole  conception  of  man's  relation  to 
God." — Friends. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES  OF  THE  ASSOCIATED 
SECRETARIES 

Rev.     Charles     S.     Macfarland — Yale     University,    Yale 

Divinity  School,  and  study  abroad. 

General  Secretary  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.;  Pastorates  of 
churches  in  Boston,  Mass.;  Maiden,  Mass.;  South  Norwalk, 
Conn.;  lecturer  at  Yale  Divinity  School. 

Author — Old  Puritanism  and  the  New  Age,  The  Spirit 
Christlike,  Jesus  and  the  Prophets,  The  Infinite  Affection, 
Spiritual  Culture  and  Social  Service,  Christian  Service  and 
the  Modern  World. 

Editor  and  Contributor  to  The  Christian  Ministry  and  the 
Social  Order,  Christian  Unity  at  Work,  and  The  Churches 
of  the  Federal  Council. 

Secretary  of  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social 
Service,  191 1;  Acting  Executive  Secretary  of  the  Federal 
Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America,  191 1;  Secre- 
tary of  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  in 
America,  1912;  General  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  of 
the  Churches  of  Christ  in  America,  1914. 

Rev.  Henry  A.  Atkinson — Pacific  Methodist  College,  Cali- 
fornia, and  Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  111. 
Pastorates — Albion,  III;  Springfield,  O.,  and  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Secretary  of  Labor  and  Social  Service  for  the  Congrega- 
tional Churches,  1910. 

Author — The  First  Christinas,  The  Church  and  People's 
Play.     Collaborated  in  The  Social  Creed  of  the  Churches. 

Secretary  of  the  Social  Service  Commission  of  the  Con- 
gregational Churches,  1913- 

Associate  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social  Service. 

Rev.   Samuel  Zane   Batten — Bucknell   University,   Crozer 

Theological  Seminary. 

Pastorates— Tioga,  Pa. ;  Brookville,  Pa. ;  Philadelphia,  Pa. ; 
New  York  City,  N.  Y.;  Morristown,  N.  J.;  Lincoln,  Neb. 

246 


Sketches  of  Associated  Secretaries       247 

Author — The  New  Citizenship,  The  Christian  State,  The 
Social  Task  of  Christianity,  The  Social  Problem,  The  Indus- 
trial Menace  to  the  Home,  A  Working  Temperance  Program. 

Secretary  Department  of  Social  Service  and  Brotherhood 
of  the  Northern  Baptist  Convention,  1912. 

Chairman,  Social  Service  Commission,  Northern  Baptist 
Convention. 

Chairman,  Social  Service  Commission,  Baptist  World 
Alliance. 

Assistant  Editor  of  Service. 

Associate  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social  Service. 

Rev  Frank  M.  Crouch — Cornell  University  and  Episcopal 

Theological  Seminary  of  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Teacher  at  Cornell  University  and  Boys'  High  School, 
Brooklyn. 

Assistant  Minister  at  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity, 
Brooklyn. 

Editor    "Social    Service    at    the    General    Convention    of 

1913-" 

Executive  Secretary  of  Joint  Commission  on  Social  Serv- 
ice of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  1912. 

Associate  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission  on 
the  Church  and  Social  Service. 

Rev.    Charles    O.    Gill — Yale    University,    Yale    Divinity 

School,  Union  Theological  Seminary. 

Teacher  King's  School  for  Boys,  Stamford,  Conn.;  Mis- 
sionary at  Pekin,  China;  pastorates  at  Westmore,  Vt. ; 
Jericho  Center,  Vt. ;  West  Lebanon,  N.  H. ;  Hartland,  Vt. 

Author — The  Country  Church. 

Field  Investigator  for  the  Committee  on  Church  and 
Country  Life  of  the  Commission  on  the  Church  and  Social 
Service  of  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ 
in  America. 

Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission  on  the 
Church  and  Country  Life. 

Associate  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social   Service. 


248    Year  Book  of  Church  and  Social  Service 

Rev.  Harry  F.  Ward — University  of  Southern  California; 

Northwestern  University;  Harvard  University. 

Head  resident  of  the  Northwestern  University  Settle- 
ment, Chicago.  Thirteen  years  pastor  in  Chicago,  ten  of 
them  in  Institutional  churches,  in  downtown  and  industrial 
neighborhoods. 

Editor — Social  Ministry,  and  first  edition  of  The  Social 
Creed  of  the  Churches.  Wrote  present  edition  of  The  Social 
Creed  of  the  Churches. 

Author — Poverty  and  Wealth,  Social  Evangelism. 

Secretary — The  Methodist  Federation  for  Social  Service. 

Professor  of  Social  Service  in  the  School  of  Theology  of 
Boston  University. 

Associate  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social  Service. 

Rev.  Warren  H.  Wilson — Oberlin  College,  Union  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  Columbia  University. 

Secretary  of  the  Student  Movement,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  New 
York  City. 

Pastorates — Quaker  Hill,  New  York,  and  Brooklyn,  New 
York. 

Assistant  Superintendent,  Department  Church  and  Labor, 
Presbyterian  Board  of  Home  Missions,  New  York. 

Superintendent,  Country  Church  Work  (formerly  the 
Department  of  Church  and  Country  Life),  Presbyterian 
Board  of  Home  Missions,  New  York. 

Associate  in  Rural  Education,  Teachers  College,  Columbia 
University,  New  York. 

Author— Quaker  Hill,  The  Church  of  the  Open  Country, 
The  Evolution  of  the  Country  Community,  The  Church  at 
the  Center. 

Editor — "A  Social  Survey  in  Pennsylvania,"  and  many 
other  Rural  Social  Surveys. 

Associate  Secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  Commission 
on  the  Church  and  Social  Service, 


INDEX 


Adult  Classes,  Studies  for,  35 
African  Methodist  Church,  74 
Anti-Saloon  League,  196 

B 

Baptist 

Contribution  to  Social  Move- 
ment, 20;  Development  of  So- 
cial Service  Movement,  31-38; 
Publications,  105-107;  Meth- 
ods: Community  ministry, 
131,  Community  study,  138; 
Study  classes  and  discussion 
groups,  142-144;  Suggested 
Programs  153-156;  City  pro- 
gram, 162;  Town  program, 
164, 165;  Village  program,  165; 
Utterances:  Social  Creed,  199; 
Social  Service,  207;  Social 
Justice,  216;  Industrial  De- 
mocracy, 230-233;  Class 
Struggle,  234;  Social  Move- 
ments, 235;  Wealth  and  Pov- 
erty, 237 
Biographical  Sketches  of  Secre- 
taries, 246-248 
Books  of   19 14-15,   Significant, 

122-130 
Boys'  and  Girls'  Work,  187 
Boys'  Club  Federation,  187 
Boy  Scouts  of  America,  187 
Brotherhood  of  the   Kingdom, 

20,  32 
Brotherhoods,  studies  for,  35 


Camp  Fire  Girls,  187 

Capital,  Denominational  Utter- 
ances, 221-226 

Catholic  Charities,  National 
Conference  of,  95 


Catholic  Church 

American  Federation  of  Cath- 
olic  Societies — Social   Service 
Commissio  n — Militia  of 
Christ,  93-^5 
Charities   and   Correction,    Na- 
tional Conference,  196 
Charity  Organization,  187,  188 
Child  Labor,  National  Commit- 
tee, 186 
Child  Welfare,  Societies  for,  185- 

187 
Children's  Bureau,  Federal,  185 
Christian  Church,  Development 
of  Social  Movement,  62-64 
Christian     Convention,     Amer- 
ican,   Utterance   on   Social 
Service,  210 
Church  Association  for  Advance- 
ment of  Interests  of  Labor, 
20 
Civic    Action,    Denominational 

Utterances,  217-221 
Civic,  American  Association,  194 
Class  Struggle,  Denominational 

Utterances,  234,  235 
Colored  People,  National  Asso- 
ciation for  Advancement  of, 
192 
Community  Ministry,  Organiz- 
ing for,  1 31-13  7 
Community     Welfare,     Recent 

Books,  125 
Congregational 

Contribution  to  Social  Move- 
ment, 20;  Development  of  So- 
cial Service  Movement,  39-45 ; 
Publications,  107;  Methods: 
Community  Ministry,  132; 
Community  Study,  138;  Study 
Classes,  144;  Correspondence 
Courses,  147;  Utterances:  So- 


249 


250 


Index 


cial  Creed,  198;  Industrial  and 
Social    Conditions,    201-204; 
Social  Service,  204 
Consumers'    League,    National, 

193  .       . 

Cooperation,      Denominational, 

175-179 
Cooperating  Agencies,  184-196 
Correspondence    Courses,    147- 

150 
Country  and  Country  Church 
Development   under    Federal 
Coimcil   and    denominational 
agencies,  80-83 1  Programs  for, 
166,  167 

D 

Democracy,  Industrial,  230-234 

Disciples  of  Christ 

Contribution  to  Social  Move- 
ment, 20;  Development  of  So- 
cial Service  Movement,  64,  65 

District  Bodies,  Denominational 
179-183 

E 
Early  Church,  social  forces  in,  1 5 
English  Social  Service  Organiza- 
tions, 97-100 
Evangelical  Association,  74,  75 
Evangelical  Lutheran,  68,  69 
Evangelical  Revival,  18 


Federal  Council  of  Churches 
Organization,  Development  of 
Social  Movement,  21-31,  75; 
Publications,  101-104;  Utter- 
ances: Social  Creed,  198,  200; 
Social  Service,  205;  Civic  Ac- 
tion, 217;  Capital,  222;  Labor, 
227,  228;  Wealth  and  Poverty, 
237,  Social  Redemption,  239 

Federated     Movements,     Com- 
mission on,  78-80 

Federation    of    Day    Nurseries, 
National,  186 

Federation  of  Labor,  American, 

193 

Federative  Movements,  Federal 
Council  Publications  on,  103 


Foreign  Missions,  Federal  Coun- 
cil Activity,  90,  91 

Free  Baptists,  73 

Friends 

Development  of  Social  Ser- 
vice Movement,  66,  67 ;  Meth- 
ods: Community  ministry, 
,132;  Suggested  Programs,  166; 
Utterances:  Social  Service, 
211;  Peace,  244 


German  Catholic  Federation,  95 

German  Evangelical 

Development  of  Social  Move- 
ment, 67,  68;  District  bodies, 
179 

H 
Health,  Organizations  f9r  pro- 
motion of,  188-190 
Home  Missions,  Federal  Coun- 
cil Activity,  90,  91 
Housing,  National  Association, 

194 
Howard,    Central    Association, 

192 
Hygiene 
American  School  Association, 
189;  American  Social  Hy- 
giene Association,  190;  Na- 
tional Committee  for  Mental 
Hygiene,  190 


Immigrant,    Organizations    for, 

Indiana     Baptist     Convention, 

Utterances,  234,  235 
Industrial 

Denominational      utterances, 
201-204;      230-234;     Recent 
Books,  126 
Industrial  Relations  Committee, 

194 
Infant  MortaHty,  American  As 
sociation    for    Study    and 
Prevention  of,  189 


Index 


251 


Inner  Mission,  Evangelical  Lu- 
theran, Development  of, 
68,  69 

Institute  of  Social  Service, 
American,  184 

Interchurch  Organizations,  75- 
100 

Interchurch  Federation  of  Phil- 
adelphia, 147 

Interdenominational  Conference 
of  Social  Service  Union 
(England),  98 

International  Peace  and  Arbi- 
tration, Federal  Council  Ac- 
tivity, 89,  90 


Jesus,  Social  Message  of,  14 

Jewish  Bodies 

Development  of  Social  Move- 
ment, 95-97 

L 
Labor,    Denominational   Utter- 
ances, 226-230 
Labor,  American  Federation  of, 

193 

Labor,  American  Association  for 
Legislation,  193 

Laity  League  for  Social  Service, 
New  York, Program,  168-1 70 

Legal  Aid  Society,  188 

Loan  Association,  National  Fed- 
eration of  Remedial,  188 

M 
Men  and  Religion  Forward 
Movement 
Contribution  to  Social  Move- 
ment, 22,77;  Program,  178, 179; 
Recommednations,  170-174; 
Methods:  Program  for  indi- 
vidual church,  158;  Minimum 
program,  168;  Recommenda- 
tions for:  Church,  170;  Social 
Workers,  171;  Municipality, 
172;  State,  173;  General,  174; 
Utterances:  Social  Service, 
211;  Social  Justice,  215;  Civic 
Action,  219;  Capital,  224;  La- 
bor, 229;  Siocial  Movements, 


236;  Wealth  and  Poverty,  238; 
Unearned  increment  in  land 
values,  239 

Mennonite  Church,  73,  74 

Mental  Hygiene,  National  Com- 
mittee for,  190 

Methodist  Church  of  Canada 
Utterances:  Civic  Action,  218; 
Social  Movements,  236;  Un- 
earned increment  in  land  val- 
ues, 238;  Social  Redemption, 
241 

Alethodist  Episcopal 

Contribution  to  Social  Move- 
ment, 21;  Development  of 
Social  Service  Movement, 
45-51;  Publications,  108; 
Methods:  Community  minis- 
try, 132;  Community  Study, 
138;  Study  Classes,  144,  145; 
vSunday  School,  150;  Sug- 
gested Programs,  156;  Co- 
operative effort,  176;  District 
bodies,  180;  Utterances:  So- 
cial Creed,  197,  200;  Social 
Justice,  213;  Civic  Action, 
218;  Capital,  221,  222;  Labor, 
226;  Industrial  Democracy, 
233;  Social  Redemption,  240, 
244 

Methodist  Episcopal,  South 
Development  of  Social  Move- 
ment, 70,  71 

Methodist  Protestant,  74,  75 

Militia  of  Christ,  94 

Missionary  Awakening,  19 

Missionary  Education  Movement 
Development  and  organiza- 
tion, 84;  Literature,  90,  91; 
Publications,  112-114 

Missions,  Home  and  Foreign, 
Federal  Council  Activity, 
90,91 

^loravian  Church,  Country  Life 
Work,  74,  82 

Municipal  League,  National,  195 


National  Conference  Union  for 
Social  Service  (England),  99 


252 


Index 


National  Council  of  Evangelical 
Free  Churches  (England),  98 

National  Movements 

Contribution  to  Social  Move- 
ment, 17 


Peace 

Denominational  utterances, 
244;  Federal  Council  Activity, 
89,  90;  Recent  books,  128 

Pioneers,  of  Social  Movement, 
20 

Playground  and  Recreation  As- 
sociation of  America,  185 

Poverty,  Recent  books,  127 

Presbyterian  Church  of  Canada, 
Utterance,  Social  Creed,  199 

Presbirterian 

Contribution  to  Social  Move- 
ment, 20;  Development  of 
Social  Service  Movement,  51- 
57;  Country  Church  Work, 
82,  83;  Publications,  109; 
Methods:  Community  minis- 
try, 133;  Community  study, 
139;  Correspondence  Courses, 
148 ;  Adequate  Program  for  the 
Coimtry,  166;  District  Bodies, 
179;  Utterances:  Social  Creed, 
198;  Social  Justice,  213; 
Civic  Action,  220;  Labor,  229; 
Industrial  Democracy,  233 ; 
Wealth  and  Poverty,  237 

Presbyterian     Chiurch     in     the 
United   States    (Southern), 

74 
Presbyterian,  Northern,  South- 
ern, and  United,  75 
Presbyterian,  United,  71-73 
Utterances:     Social     Service, 
208-210;  Social  Justice,  212; 
Social  Redemption,  241 
Prisoner,  Organizations  for,  191, 

192 
Probation,  National  Association, 

192 
Programs 

Denominational,  153-175; 
Men  and  Religion,  158;  For 


the  City,  162-164;  For  a 
Town,  164,  165;  For  a  Vil- 
lage, 166;  For  the  Country, 
166,  167;  Minimum,  167,  168 

Prophets,  Modern  social,  19 

Prophets,  social  influence  of,  13 

Protestant  Episcopal 

Contribution  to  Social  Move- 
ment, 20;  Development  of  So- 
cial Service  Movement,  57-62 ; 
Publications,  109,  no;  Meth- 
ods: Community  Ministry, 
134;  Community  Study,  139; 
Study  Classes,  145-147;  Cor- 
respondence Courses,  148; 
Sunday  School,  151;  Sug- 
gested Programs,  1 57 ;  Program 
for  Industrial  Community,  160; 
Agricultural  Improv  e  m  e  n  t, 
167;  Cooperative  effort,  177; 
District  bodies,  1 81-183;  Ut- 
terances: Social  Service,  207; 
Social  Justice,  213-215;  Civic 
Action,  217;  Capital,  225;  La- 
bor, 228;  Wealth  and  Poverty, 
237;  Social  Redemption,  242 

Publications  and  Bibliography, 
101-130 

Public  Health  Association, 
American,  189 

R 

Rabbis,   Central  Conference  of 

American,  95 
Reading  Lists,  1 17-122 
Recreation,    Association — a  n  d 

Playground,     of     America, 

185 
Recreation  Department,  Russell 

Sage  Foundation,  185 
Reformation,  16 
Reformed   Church   in   America 

(Dutch),  74 
Reformed  Church  in  the  United 
States  (German) 
Activities,  71 ;  Methods:  Com- 
munity ministry,  136;  Utter- 
ances: Social  Service,  211;  So- 
cial Redemption,  243 
Reformed  Episcopal,  74,  75 


Index 


2.53 


Reformed  Presbyterian,  74,  75 
Religious     Education     Associa- 
tion, 196 
Roman  Catholic  Church 

Charities — Militia  of  Christ — 
Social     Service     Commission, 

93-95 
Rural,  Recent  books,  128 


Salvation  Army 

Contribution  to  Social  Move- 
ment, 20 

School  Hygiene  Association, 
American,  189 

Seventh  Day  Baptist,  74 

Utterances:  Social  Creed,  201 

Social  Centers,  185 

Social  Christianity,  Recent 
Books,  123 

Social  Creed,  197-201 

Socialism,  Recent  Books,  127 

Socialized  Church,  Recent 
Books,  124 

Social  Hygiene,  American  Asso- 
ciation, 190 

Social  Justice,  Denominational 
Utterances,  96,  212-217 

Social  Movements,  Denomina- 
tional Utterances,  235,  236 

Social  Redemption,  Denomina- 
tional Utterances,  239-244 

Social  Service,  Denominational 
Utterances,  204-212 

Social  Service  Organizations,  24- 
100 

Southern  Baptists,  75 

Southern  Sociological  Congress, 
196 

Study  Classes,  130,  141,  147 

Sunday  School,  35,  90,  150,  152 

Survey  Associates,  184 

Surveys  and  Exhibits,  Depart- 
ment of  Russell  Sage  Foun- 
dation, 195 


Temperance,     Federal    Council 
Publications,  104 


Tuberculosis,  National  Associa- 
tion for  Study  and  Preven- 
tion of,  189 

U 

Unearned  increment  in  land  val- 
ues. Denominational  Utter- 
ances, 238,  239 

Unitarian 

Contribution  to  Social  Move- 
ment, 20;  Development  of  So- 
cial Service  Movement,  91 ,  92 ; 
Fellowship  for  Social  Justice, 
92;  Methods:  Community 
Ministry,  136;  Community 
Study,  140;  Sunday  Schools, 
152;  Suggested  Programs,  157; 
Utterances:  Social  Creed,  199 

United  Brethren,  74 

United  Evangelical,  74,  75 

United  Presbyterian 

Utterances:  Social  Service, 
208-210;  Social  Justice,  212; 
Social  Redemption,  241 

Universalist 

Contribution  to  Social  Move- 
ment, 20;  Development  of  So- 
cial Service  Movement,  92,  93 

V 
Vacation  Bible  School  Associa- 
tion, 187 

W 

Wealth  and  Poverty,  Denom- 
inational Utterances,  237, 
238 

Women's  Trade  Union  League, 
National,  193 

W  o  m  e  n's  Work,  Committee, 
Russell  Sage  Foundation, 
194 

World  Alliance,  191 1  Meetmg, 
38 

Y 

Young    Men's    Christian   Asso- 
ciation 
Departments:  Army  and 
Navy — Boys'  Work — County 


254 


Index 


—  Educational  — Industrial — 
Physical,  85,  86;  Local  Asso- 
ciations, 87;  Social  Service 
Society,  87;  Publications,  1 14- 
116 
Young  People's  Societies,  Stud- 
ies for,  35 


Young  Women's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation 
Activities — Ministry  to  Dis- 
tinct Groups — Organization — 
Preparation  of  leaders — Spe- 
cially emphasized  work,  87- 
89;  Publications,  116 


FEDERAL  COUNCIL 
YEAR  BOOK 

AN  ECCLESIASTICAL  AND  STATISTICAL 
DIRECTORY  OF  THE  FEDERAL  COUNCIL. 
ITS  COMMISSIONS  AND  CONSTITUENT 
BODIES,  AND  ALL  OTHER  RELIGIOUS 
ORGANIZATIONS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

COVERING  THE  YEAR  1915 

PREPARED  UNDER  THE  AUSPICES  OF 
THE  REDERAL  COUNCIL  OF  THE 
CHURCHES   OF   CHRIST  IN  AMERICA 

By 

H.  K.  CARROLL,  LL.D. 

Associate  Secretary  in  W^ashington 
Price,  50  cents,  postpaid 

Every  person  who  has  occasion  to  use  or  to 
refer  to  information  regarding  all  the  religious 
forces— Protestant,  Roman  and  Greek  Catholic, 
and  Jewish,— cannot  afford  to  be  without  this 
volume.  Dr.  Carroll's  knowledge  and  experi- 
ence in  preparing  material  of  this  character 
assures  the  accuracy  of  the  information. 

Order  from  your  denominational  Publishing  House,  your 
book  dealer,  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches,  105  East 
22nd  Street,  New  York,  or  1114  Woodward  Building, 
Washington,  D.  C,  or  the  Missionary  Education  Move- 
ment, 156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


Date  Due 

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